Referendums

Lord Naseby: asked Her Majesty's Government:
	How many government referendums have been held in the United Kingdom since May 1997 and on what subjects.

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, three national referendums have been held since May 1997. These were: on 22 May 1998 in Northern Ireland on ratifying the Good Friday agreement; on 18 September 1997 in Wales on the establishment of a Welsh Assembly; and on 11 September 1997 in Scotland on whether to establish a Scottish Parliament and whether it should have tax-varying powers.

Lord Naseby: My Lords, I am grateful to the noble Lord for that Answer. Clearly, it demonstrates that this Government believe in referendums on constitutional matters, and that is further underlined by the fact that the Labour manifesto stated that there was to be a referendum on the new European reform treaty. So one must ask why the Prime Minister refuses to hold a referendum. Initially, we were told that it was unnecessary because it was no different from the Maastricht treaty. I chaired the committee on the Bill relating to that in another place and it is totally different. Then we were told that the difference—

Noble Lords: Question!

Lord Naseby: My Lords, I have asked a question already. Then we were told that it was very different from the previous treaty, but Germany, France, Italy, Spain and the others say that it is almost identical. Now, we are told that it is unnecessary because of the red line opt-outs. So what is the exact reason for not having a referendum, not least when the Prime Minister said in May 2004 that we were to have one?

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I shall be brief. The reform treaty now being discussed is not the same as the defunct constitutional treaty. The reform treaty guarantees the red lines that the Government have set out. It is now an amending treaty, rather than a whole new treaty and, on that basis, the Government consider that Parliament is the best place to make a decision.

Lord Tomlinson: My Lords, does my noble friend agree that people who say that there is no difference between the two treaties prove that they have not read either? Does he also agree that, in relation to those who quote overseas leaders, there is no major difference for countries that accept the whole of the new treaty but that for those such as the United Kingdom which have fundamental opt-outs and opt-ins, it is an extremely different treaty, and that there is no incompatibility in our saying that it is different and in other national leaders saying that it is the same?

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I find it very difficult to disagree with my noble friend.

Lord Waddington: My Lords, are not Members of Parliament elected for four or five years to take part in running the country? They are not elected for four or five years to hand over the running of the country to others. Is that not in itself a very good argument for having a referendum? We often hear about Maastricht. Is not the difference between Maastricht and the present situation that Sir John Major never promised a referendum? However, he might have done himself a good turn if he had had one, as it would have saved a load of trouble if he had had a referendum and lost it.

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, the issue of holding a referendum related to the original constitutional treaty. That treaty is defunct and we are now talking about a wholly different reform treaty. It is very different because it ensures that the red lines set by the Government will be preserved.

Lord Kilclooney: My Lords, which of the three devolved institutions in the United Kingdom have so far debated the desirability of a referendum and what was the decision in each case?

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I do not have that information—I assume that the noble Lord is referring to the devolved Administrations. I am not aware of the debates that those assemblies have had on the reform treaty. If they have such debates, appropriate consideration will no doubt be given to it.

Lord Campbell of Alloway: My Lords, does the Minister agree that apart from a referendum, a question arises as to whether we shall ratify either treaty in this House, having regard to the powers extended to the European Court of Justice which have a supranational effect on this country?

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I do not accept the noble Lord's second point in the light of what is being discussed in relation to the reform treaty. On his substantive question, Parliament will of course have the final say on the treaty that is brought forward.

Lord Richard: My Lords, I wonder whether my noble friend can confirm something for me. When the last treaty was about, various countries had a referendum, including France and including Holland. Am I right in thinking that on this occasion the only country proposing to have a referendum on this reform treaty is Ireland, because it is enshrined in its constitution that it has to have one, and that otherwise none of the countries of the EU proposes having one?

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, that expresses the position quite clearly. It is a very different treaty.

Lord Howell of Guildford: My Lords—

Lord Dykes: My Lords—

Baroness Ashton of Upholland: My Lords, the Liberal Democrats have not spoken on this Question. Shall we give them a turn?

Lord Dykes: My Lords, that is most gracious—characteristically, too. Does the Minister agree that 19 sacred, sovereign countries have already ratified the original text let alone those that are now enthusiastically ratifying this one? Do the anti-Europeans in this country not have any regard for sovereignty? It is an important matter for all these countries, including ours, and their parliaments.

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I am sure that all sides on this ongoing and exciting debate will have regard to the decisions made in all the countries of the European Union. I can assure the House that, at the end of the process, Parliament will have an opportunity to make the final decision.

Lord Howell of Guildford: My Lords, we are obviously not going to agree on these opt-outs to which the Government are clinging as their reason for the treaty being different. However, the European Scrutiny Committee in another place has said that the two treaties are "substantially equivalent"—those are its precise words, which I have with me—and it further pointed out that the opt-outs "leak like a sieve". Is that not at least a reason for careful consideration before stating unequivocally that this is a different treaty? It turns out that everyone else thinks that it is very much the same.

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, the Select Committee report requires careful attention, and we do not agree with the interpretation that the noble Lord has placed on it. The Select Committee actually said that the new treaty produces an effect that is "substantially equivalent" to the constitutional treaty for the countries that have not requested derogations or opt-outs. We have requested them, and we have secured our red lines.

Middle East: Democracy and Human Rights

Lord Wallace of Saltaire: asked Her Majesty's Government:
	Whether, during the forthcoming Saudi Arabian state visit, they intend to discuss issues of democracy and human rights in the Middle East.

Baroness Royall of Blaisdon: My Lords, the forthcoming Saudi state visit and associated Two Kingdoms Dialogue are important opportunities to take forward our dialogue with Saudi Arabia on a wide range of issues, including human rights, democracy and reform in the Middle East.

Lord Wallace of Saltaire: My Lords, I thank the Minister for that statement. I note that this is the fourth Saudi state visit under our current monarch, which puts Saudi Arabia up with France, Italy, Germany and Norway, among those most privileged in that respect. We recognise that the Saudi Government are being extremely constructive on the Middle East peace process at present. We are also, however, aware that Saudi money continues to support particularly narrow interpretations of Islam in many countries around the Middle East and beyond and that if we are committed to modernisation, human rights and democratisation in the Middle East, Saudi Arabia represents one of the most problematic countries. Can we be reassured that the Government will make those points strongly during the state visit?

Baroness Royall of Blaisdon: My Lords, the noble Lord is absolutely right that we have a close relationship with the Saudis. They are indeed constructive on the Middle East and supportive of our policy towards on Iran, which is terribly important. Noble Lords can also be assured that in all our dialogue with the Saudis, at every level, we are frank and honest about some of the problems we perceive that they may have on human rights.

The Earl of Sandwich: My Lords, the Global Opportunities Fund was deliberately set up after 2001 to counter terrorism throughout the Middle East. Can the Minister explain what it is now being used for? For instance, is it helping King Abdullah's important new reform programme to provide employment and training for young Saudi men and women?

Baroness Royall of Blaisdon: My Lords, yes. Work with young men and women, to ensure that they are employed, is exactly one of the things that the Global Opportunities Fund is funding. The work it undertakes with women is especially important. It also funds work with civil society, to ensure that people in Saudi Arabia can participate fully in civil society and nurture it in that state.

The Lord Bishop of Coventry: My Lords, to follow up the supplementary of the noble Lord, Lord Wallace, is the Minister aware of a recent letter to the most reverend Primate the Archbishop of Canterbury, among others, signed by a large number of Muslim scholars, including some from Saudi Arabia, encouraging Christians and Muslims to,
	"respect each other, be fair, just and kind to [one] another and live in sincere peace, harmony and ... good will"?
	Given, on the one hand, the welcome—indeed, irenic—tone of this letter and on the other, by contrast, the adamant refusal of the Saudi regime to allow anything resembling freedom of religious practice, can the Minister assure the House that this incongruity will be raised with the Saudi monarch during his forthcoming visit?

Baroness Royall of Blaisdon: My Lords, I was aware of the excellent and constructive letter. I am also aware of the situation in Saudi Arabia and will certainly ask my colleagues in the Foreign Office to try to ensure that this issue is raised during the forthcoming visit.

Baroness Symons of Vernham Dean: My Lords, I declare an interest as a representative on the Two Kingdoms Dialogue and on the business council between Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom. Saudi Arabia is currently going through a process of development. It may seem pretty slow in some respects—politically, economically and in terms of civil and human rights—but it is none the less progressive. Can my noble friend confirm that the Two Kingdoms Dialogue will encompass, for the first time, a forum between Saudi and British youth? In my experience, that will mean some pretty frank exchanges. Can she also confirm that there will be discussion on matters of particular interest to women?

Baroness Royall of Blaisdon: My Lords, my noble friend is much more experienced in these things than I. I can confirm that these issues will be discussed at the important Two Kingdoms Dialogue. We warmly welcome the process of development that is taking place in Saudi Arabia—albeit, perhaps, too slowly.

Baroness Falkner of Margravine: My Lords, the Minister will perhaps be familiar with the International Crisis Group report on Saudi Arabia, describing it as a country which stifles pluralism, nurtures intolerance and prevents the organisation of political and social interests. What is more, while we are talking about its constructive position on the Middle East peace process—as the Minister has—it wilfully exports insurgents to other countries. In the light of that, and recognising the necessity for a dialogue with Saudi Arabia, will the noble Baroness reassure the House that she will raise the case of the Saudi intellectuals who have been arrested and imprisoned merely for signing in only February of this year a petition suggesting a transition to constitutional monarchy? Progress is indeed slow.

Baroness Royall of Blaisdon: My Lords, the International Crisis Group report is deeply disturbing, and I will ask that the case raised by the noble Baroness in relation to the intellectuals who have been imprisoned is raised. The fact that municipal elections have taken place is welcome and we hope that women will be included in the next elections. So there is progress, but it is extremely slow. We are never slow to raise these difficult issues with the Saudi Arabians.

Channel Tunnel: Rail Freight

Lord Bradshaw: asked Her Majesty's Government:
	What progress they are making in increasing the flow of rail freight traffic through the Channel Tunnel.

Lord Bassam of Brighton: My Lords, on 29 June 2007, the British Railways Board, English Welsh & Scottish Railway, the French rail operator and Eurotunnel signed a memorandum of understanding concerning the development of open access for cross-channel rail freight traffic and freight pricing. The Government welcome continuing progress towards a more commercial and liberalised regime but, ultimately, rates and services through the tunnel are a commercial matter for the parties concerned.

Lord Bradshaw: My Lords, I thank the noble Lord for that reply. However, when we debated this issue in the House after my noble friend Lord Dykes raised it, four freight trains a day were going through the Channel Tunnel, whereas there is now one train a day. There is space for 40 trains a day, while 200 trainloads of traffic go up the motorway, some of which should go by train. Can the Minister explain what is obstructing this? I am sure that it is not simply price. Some institutional obstacle must be causing prices to be artificially high.

Lord Bassam of Brighton: My Lords, I share the noble Lord's concern. It is for that reason that the Government have been working with their partners, in particular through the intergovernmental commission, to try to secure, encourage and facilitate more freight going through the Channel Tunnel. In general, the record of increased use of our railway network for freight over the past decade has been phenomenal, with a 5 to 6 per cent per year growth in that method of moving goods and services.

Lord Faulkner of Worcester: My Lords, does my noble friend agree that the Channel Tunnel will play an important part in meeting the welcome commitment in the high-level output statement to double the volume of rail freight over the next 30 years? Will the Government use their best endeavours to achieve a more satisfactory commercial agreement of the sort that the noble Lord, Lord Bradshaw, described to ensure that volumes going through the Channel Tunnel are increased? Will they talk to the owners of the Channel Tunnel rail link to ensure that freight trains can use the new line as well?

Lord Bassam of Brighton: My Lords, we will of course continue the dialogue to try to ensure that the new track can be used. The noble Lord is right that we must do more here, but in the end the growth in freight can only be based on market pressures and there has to be robust commercial underpinning to the system. However, the Government are keen to secure more use of the railway network for freight.

Lord Hanningfield: My Lords, last December, the Government announced a £6.5 million environmental grant because of the reduced carbon emissions on rail freight; we would all agree with that. However, the figure had been £26 million, so one wonders how the Government reduced it to £6 million. Was it because of some European regulation that we could not give as much as we might have liked to encourage rail freight transport?

Lord Bassam of Brighton: My Lords, we have given considerable rail freight subsidy, as the noble Lord is well aware. Over the past 12 years, the rate has been fixed at £26 million per annum, as he said, and we have contingency to extend that. We have already extended the support once. The time-limited state-aid extension expired in November 2006, but of course we continue to support the rail freight industry through subsidy.

Lord Dykes: My Lords, further to the Minister's correct assertion that it is mainly the companies and the markets that determine these matters, Eurotunnel mark 2 plainly needs the additional revenue that will come from extra freight trains. Will the Government undertake to discuss this further with the French Government, because it needs a bilateral agreement and a new text?
	There are many indications that there is a certain amount of resistance in the French department for transport, whereas some members of the National Assembly and the Senate are very keen on Eurotunnel having far more freight trains, as my noble friend Lord Bradshaw indicated.

Lord Bassam of Brighton: My Lords, I can assure the House that we have been discussing these very issues with SNCF and the French Government directly. We recognise the potential for rail freight growth through the tunnel. As has been said this afternoon, this is clearly an area of potential growth, which is in the commercial interest of the operators. So of course we will continue to do that.

Lord Snape: My Lords, does the Minister acknowledge that we have not spent billions of pounds building the Channel Tunnel in order to run one freight train a day between the respective countries? Although the noble Lord, Lord Dykes, as ever, was too polite to say so, there has been a great deal of obstruction from SNCF, the French railways, against anybody else running trains in its area. Why do we in the United Kingdom always gold-plate EEC regulations while the rest of the EEC appears to ignore them?

Lord Bassam of Brighton: My Lords, I always expect my noble friend to be absolutely on the point. I cannot accept the charge that we gold-plate. We try to deal fairly and I think that that is right. It is plainly daft that only one freight train goes through the Channel Tunnel each day. We know that. That is why we are working hard with SNCF, the operators, Eurotunnel and so on to ensure that much better use is made of the tunnel for rail freight.

Lord Marsh: My Lords, does the Minister not agree that some of this friction, which undoubtedly exists across the system, is due to the fact that this country's network is virtually the only one that is not state owned? Does he not accept that there is at least a case for saying that we should look again at privatisation?

Lord Bassam of Brighton: My Lords, that is not a question that I particularly want to open up. We have had a decade of continued growth on our rail network with the current system. I recognise that any system will develop some problems, but we have had a very good record—I was about to say "track record"—in railway growth over the past decade. I think that many of our European partners would like to equal that growth.

Royal Mail: Dispute

Baroness Wilcox: asked Her Majesty's Government:
	What assessment they have made of the effect on small business of the recent dispute in the postal service.

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, the Government believe that the dispute has been damaging for the public, for business and for Royal Mail. That why we have urged the management and the union to reach an agreement and why we have said that we do not want to see strikes continuing.

Baroness Wilcox: My Lords, I thank the noble Lord, Lord Davies, for that Answer. I am rather sorry that the noble Lord, Lord Jones, is not here to answer as our Trade Minister. I understand that he is off with Mr Miliband looking for new business, whereas I would have thought that sorting this out was far more important to the country at this time. Small businesses, as noble Lords know, are 95 per cent dependent on the Royal Mail for delivering their invoices and getting their cheques in. This is a very bad business. I hope that the Minister accepts that the Government sat on the fence for far too long, allowing the dispute to do lasting damage to the Royal Mail. What will they do next?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, the noble Baroness may know, as the rest of the House will, that the Government do not run Royal Mail, which is a private company.

A noble Lord: They own it.

Lord Davies of Oldham: They may own it, my Lords, but it is set up as a private company with its own responsibilities for management to reach appropriate industrial relations and deals with the trade unions. The negotiations are at a most delicate stage. The negotiators reached an agreement before the weekend. They have gone back to the union executive, which has sent them back on limited points to carry out further negotiations with the Royal Mail. Those discussions took place this morning. They are to be continued tomorrow morning. I do not think that it is helpful at this very delicate stage in the dispute for us to extend the issues too far.

Lord Clarke of Hampstead: My Lords, would my noble friend care to consider the root problem in the Post Office finances, which stems from the Postal Services Bill, as it was? He will remember my forecast of what would happen; tragically, it has happened. The Government may not want to run the Post Office, but they own it and appoint people who would not be allowed to hand out the pencils in any decent organisation. Does my noble friend have the cost of the final mile of delivery? Lying behind this dispute is the fact that, for 90 per cent of people who collect mail and dump it into the Royal Mail system, the Post Office loses 5p per item. Does he agree that that situation must be brought to an end to allow the Post Office to be run on proper commercial lines?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, my noble friend is very knowledgeable on these issues and he has raised important points. However, having been present at such negotiations in the past, he will know how restricted I am in commenting on the situation. He will recognise that the environment in which Royal Mail operates today is very different from the one in which it operated a decade ago. Royal Mail is open to extensive, well resourced and technologically advanced competition. It, too, has to change with the times. Effecting that change produces tensions, but we are hopeful that this dispute will end very shortly.

Baroness Sharples: My Lords, the Minister did not answer my noble friend's Question. She asked what the effect was on small businesses, which means the financial effect. Surely he has some estimate of that.

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, in my original Answer I indicated that of course the Government are concerned about the impact on small businesses. Royal Mail has been able to preserve its special service—not next-day delivery, which is what the special service is designed to do, but still delivery within the second or third day. There is concern about small businesses. We make no bones about the fact that the dispute is damaging to them. There is no doubt about that whatever, which is why we want to see an end to the dispute as rapidly as possible.

Lord Cotter: My Lords, as the Minister will know, many hundreds of thousands of pounds have been incurred by small businesses in bank charges and the like. Will he have discussions with the British Bankers' Association to ask the banks to be more understanding and take a softer approach to small businesses in this situation, which is affecting them very badly?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, the banks are not unaware of the impact of the dispute, which affects their business, too. The noble Lord is right that, at a time when small businesses are struggling with regard to payments, a sympathetic response from the banks is necessary in many cases. I am not sure whether the Government should intervene in those terms, but we all recognise what I think is the burden of the representation from the opposition Benches—the impact on small businesses. Small businesses are not the only ones affected; a great deal of our economy has been adversely affected, because of the crucial role played by Royal Mail. There is no doubt that small businesses are suffering short-term and potentially catastrophic difficulties, and that should be taken into account.

Lord O'Neill of Clackmannan: My Lords—

Lord Dearing: My Lords—

Baroness Ashton of Upholland: My Lords, we have time for both contributions if they are reasonably brief.

Lord Dearing: My Lords, I have great concern about the points made on all sides of the House. Does the Minister agree that the imperative is now to shut up and enable this dispute to be settled and then to debate the profound issues that have been raised?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, I agree.

Lord O'Neill of Clackmannan: My Lords, does my noble friend agree that there are concerns for small businesses because they both want money in and have to pay money out? In that respect, it probably balances out. However, at the end of the dispute, the only body that will provide a comprehensive service for small businesses will be the Royal Mail. No one else is prepared to go to the obscure, distant areas of the country where little money is to be made from providing services and delivering parcels and the like. The tragedy is that Royal Mail has been unable to communicate to CWU the critical character of the problems that its business now faces. In the ongoing negotiations, we might be able to get something done, but this is not the time to start putting blame on one side against the other.

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, I agree with my noble friend on the last point. On his earlier points, that is why the nation values the Royal Mail and needs it to be efficient and effective. To be efficient and effective requires change in changing times, which is the basis of the present difficulty. I hasten to add that we may be on the brink of an agreement even at this moment, and we should do nothing that jeopardises that.

Obesity

Lord Darzi of Denham: My Lords, with permission, I should like to repeat a Statement on obesity made in the other place by my right honourable friend the Secretary of State for Health. The Statement is as follows:
	"The Chief Scientific Adviser and his Foresight team have today published the report, Tackling Obesities: Future Choices, which pulls together the latest evidence and expertise on this vital issue and seeks to answer the question: how can we deliver a sustainable response to obesity over the next 40 years? Foresight exists to challenge existing policy and this report is nothing if not challenging. The report predicts that, on current trends, by 2050, 60 per cent of men, 50 per cent of women and 26 per cent of children and young people will be obese. Incidents of type 2 diabetes are set to rise by 70 per cent; attacks of stroke by 30 per cent; and cases of coronary heart disease by 20 per cent. Obesity-related diseases will cost the nation an extra £45.5 billion a year. "The implications for those individuals who are directly affected are profound. An obese young man who remains obese, as most are likely to do, will, on average, die 13 years younger than his peer group. However, this report is based on current trends. Our destiny need not be pre-ordained, and we can buck these trends provided that we are all prepared to take the necessary steps. Indeed, the work assembled for this project gives the UK a platform to become a global leader in tackling a problem that is challenging policy-makers across the world. "In recent years, we have focused on child obesity. Sure Start children's centres provide parents with high quality health advice in the crucial pre-school years. We now intend to start earlier still with the proposed nutritional grants for pregnant mothers. Over the past three years, the share of children on the school fruit and vegetable scheme who are eating five a day has increased from just over a quarter to just under a half. We have introduced tough new nutritional standards, are investing almost £100 million a year to improve school food and have added an entitlement to cooking lessons on the national curriculum. We have established the National Child Measurement Programme, which will provide the largest database of its kind in the world on children's weight. "In 2004, only half of all pupils did two hours of high quality PE and sport every week; today it is 86 per cent. We are now raising our sights so that every child has the chance of five hours of sport every week, backed by a further £100 million of additional investment. Working with the Food Standards Agency and the food industry, we have introduced front of pack labelling. We have worked with Ofcom to prohibit during children's programmes television advertising of foods which are high in fat, salt and sugar. This was a bold measure, but we are determined to go further if the evidence supports the need to do so. We will therefore be reviewing the impact of the restrictions on the nature and balance of food promotion to all children, across all media."The Foresight report endorses interventions such as these, but argues for an even bolder approach. The report says that although personal responsibility is a crucial determinant of our body weight, our environment also plays a vital role. The chilling reality is that modern life makes us overweight. As Sir David King:
	"We evolved in a world of relative food scarcity and hard physical work—now energy dense food is abundant and labour saving technologies abound".
	Modern transport systems, sedentary jobs and convenience food make life more comfortable, but also lie at the heart of this dilemma. In a sense, we are victims of our economic success. The pace of technological revolution outstrips human evolution. Tackling this problem calls for a fundamental shift in approach. Although the report projects us forward 50 years, it does of course require action today. And many of the areas identified in the report cannot be tackled successfully by the Government alone. I hope this report will trigger the national debate that is essential if we are to rise to the challenge. "The report highlights the responsibilities of employers to look after their employees' health, which is not just in the interests of their staff, but is also in the interests of the business: enhancing performance and improving productivity. The report also shows how small changes to everyday routines can make a real difference. Employers might look at providing loans for bikes, not just season tickets; subsidising gym membership, not just canteens—even putting out fruit at meetings, rather than biscuits. But the report also points to more substantial measures; for instance, with the built environment. Local authorities must ensure that healthy living is built into the infrastructure of our towns and cities so that planning systems improve our health and well-being. "The report examines the availability of and exposure to obesogenic food and drinks. Front of pack labelling is now increasingly prevalent, but industry has yet fully to embrace the colour coding system. There is emerging evidence that the FSA's labelling system is more effective at informing consumers and I want to work with the industry to see this adopted, but this report underlines the expectation for change. I have also asked the Food Standards Agency to conduct an immediate investigation into the use of trans-fats to examine whether there is more we should ask the food industry to do in this area. "The report talks about the importance of targeted public health interventions. There are regional disparities in the prevalence of obesity and I hope that primary care trusts will look at what more can be done to help obese people to achieve sustainable reductions in their weight through advice and training in health consumption and activity. Underpinning all of this is an acknowledgment that the Government must do more. We will develop a comprehensive cross-government strategy on obesity to respond to the evidence in this report. Because of the need for concerted action on a number of fronts, I will convene a cross-government ministerial group to guide our approach. We will continue to focus particularly on children. Over 80 per cent of obese 10 to 14 year-olds remain obese into adulthood. As part of the spending review, we have already set our ambition to reverse the growth in obesity so that by 2020 we reduce the proportion of overweight and obese children to the levels of 2000. "Ensuring that our health service is as focused on prevention as it is on treatment is already a priority, and obesity epitomises the need for that change. In the past, tackling obesity has always been regarded as a matter of personal willpower but, as this report starkly demonstrates, people in the UK are not more gluttonous than previous generations and individual action alone will not be sufficient. "Obesity is a consequence of abundance, convenience and underlying biology. Solutions will not be found in exhortations for greater individual responsibility or in what the report calls the futility of isolated initiatives. Let us begin the national debate here in Parliament today and let us use this report to forge the consensus that will allow the UK to pioneer the new long-term integrated approach that this issue requires. I commend this Statement to the House".
	My Lords, that concludes the Statement.

Earl Howe: My Lords, the House will be grateful to the Minister for repeating the Statement. My first reaction is that it is a Statement that contains more hope value than realism. We all appreciate that obesity is a societal problem, but government have a major role to play and the Government's record on obesity is, frankly, not inspiring.
	In 1999, they abandoned the targets set by the previous Conservative Government. Nothing then happened until 2004, when the PSA target was set following two scathing reports from the CMO and the Health Committee on the costs of obesity. Even then, it was a further two years before a letter went out in September 2006 admitting that the local delivery plans by strategic health authorities to tackle obesity had still not been finalised.
	The target set in 2004 was to halt the year-on-year rise in obesity among children under 11 by 2010, yet the Government have repeatedly failed to provide figures to show whether or not progress has been made. The evidence we have suggests that we are moving in the wrong direction, and this latest Foresight report bears this out. The Government's new target is therefore incredibly ambitious given that, up to now, they have not yet managed to stall obesity levels, let alone reverse them.
	Their failure on that front is perhaps less surprising when looked at alongside the numbers of staff working in NHS public health. Those numbers, if we exclude consultants, have more than halved in the 10 years the Government have been in power. What plans are there to reverse that position, given that none of these initiatives can be rolled out without people to do the work on the ground?
	On school sport, an enormous amount of hot air is being blasted out. In July the Prime Minister announced £100 million to give every child the chance of five hours sport every week. Yet it turns out that only two hours out of the five are going to be built into the school curriculum; the other three hours will have to be funded by community sports clubs. The amount of lottery money going into sport has fallen by 50 per cent since 1998, and we now know that the Olympics overspend will remove another £70 million. The pledges made in 2000 by Tony Blair to give £750 million to school sport and to create 30 sport action zones are so far just words; six years on, only half the money had been spent and only 12 action zones set up. So we have been here before. I ask the Minister: what is different now?
	The Minister mentioned trans-fats. Does this announcement represent a change of policy from that set out by Caroline Flint in a Written Answer in January? After explaining that there was limited information on the amount of trans-fats in fast foods, she stated that the FSA had,
	"no plans to carry out further analyses. Results from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2000-01) which looks at dietary intakes shows that intakes of trans fats are within maximum recommended intakes, whereas saturated fat intakes currently exceed public health recommendations. Consequently saturated fat intakes represent the greater...health risk and remain the priority for the Government".—[Official Report, Commons, 23/1/07; col. 1762W.]
	Is that statement still accurate?
	On school food, the Government spent £66 million in two years on the school fruit and vegetable scheme, yet found that this had done nothing to encourage consumption of fruit and vegetables outside the scope of the scheme. In fact, consumption at home was reported as having gone down.
	On food labelling, the FSA finally published proposals for a traffic light system in 2006. With all due respect to the noble Lord, Lord Krebs, who is in his place, that was 20 months after it was first asked to do so and the proposals were immediately rejected outright by six of the leading food manufacturers and retailers. When the White Paper was launched in 2004, we argued that it would be better to have a system linked to guideline daily amounts. The Government have now accepted that proposition, abandoning what they said in 2004, but so much time has gone by that we now have a situation in which competing systems of labelling, introduced by retailers and manufacturers, are well entrenched. It is therefore likely to be a considerable time before there is any resolution of the two differing approaches. Can the Minister give the House any idea of the timescale for that?
	The words "hope" and "expect" rather jump from the page when one reads the Statement. If I can follow suit, I hope the Minister will use his personal influence to ensure that the messages from this significant report are translated into sustainable public health initiatives across the country.

Baroness Barker: My Lords, I too thank the noble Lord, Lord Darzi, for repeating the Statement. The Government are launching a new cross-departmental strategy for obesity—again. They did exactly that in 2004 as part of the public health White Paper. As the noble Earl, Lord Howe, intimated in his response, while the report is interesting and contains much that the House will wish to see followed up, it is an indictment of the Government's lack of action on the recommendations made in 2004. Yet again we have an announcement of a strategy but no action plan.
	Sir Derek Wanless, in his recent review of the 2004 report, has made clear that the Department of Health promised that when that report came out the CSR would address issues of lifestyle, and yet we see nothing specifically about that in the recent CSR. As a newspaper points out today, the Government have in fact changed the targets they agreed in 2004; as the noble Earl said, they have changed their targets on child obesity from 2010 to 2020.
	The noble Earl is also right that since 1997 public health budgets have been raided to tackle deficits. Non-public health consultants and registrars have increased in the NHS by 60 per cent since 1997, but the number of public health consultants and registrars has gone down. I too wish to know what the department intends to do to reverse that trend so that there are enough informed officials working in public health to ensure that whatever strategy the Government finally decide to fund is implemented.
	The Obesity Awareness and Solutions Trust has conducted some interesting research that reveals that 80 per cent of general practitioners believe that obesity is a patient's own fault. That was echoed in August 2007 when Dr Hamish Meldrum from the BMA made his announcement that obese people were greedy. Those are strange statements when there is an increasing amount of research to show that obesity is caused by a combination of lack of knowledge about diet, mental health issues such as depression, and not just a lack of access to sports facilities but a lack of confidence to use those that are available. We know, for example, that many older people would like to take part in healthy activities but are frightened to go to sporting activities when there are going to be younger people around. They lack confidence.
	Where are people who want to tackle these issues going to get their support from? Key to that are families and parents. In Scotland in 2007 some interesting research was produced that showed that children and toddlers who had poor diets did so not because of lack of knowledge—their mothers knew what constituted healthy food and a good diet—but because the mothers were concerned about their own cooking skills and did not know which healthy foods could be given to children to fill them up. They therefore tended to resort to foods that were not healthy.
	Some of the issues that are identified in the Foresight report show that there are initiatives that are worth following up in a slightly different way from the department's over the past few years. It signals that there is perhaps a different track from the one which the department has gone down in encouraging weight programmes for children in schools and programmes of "naming and shaming" obese children, programmes that have faltered in their efficacy because of resistance and resentment on the part of the very people who would benefit from them.
	The noble Earl, Lord Howe, mentioned the role of employers. We all agree that employers have a role to play. British industry is becoming aware of the costs to it of obesity. Schemes such as BT's Work Fit scheme are good. How are we going to encourage employers to introduce them? Bariatric, or gastric by-pass, surgery is known to be effective in addressing diabetes. It is a NICE-approved clinical intervention; PCTs are legally obliged to fund it. However, there is a backlog of 60,000 people who are waiting for the procedure. What is the department's attitude to that issue? Like the noble Earl, Lord Howe, I am pleased to see that another strategy exists. I hope that the noble Lord, Lord Darzi, will tell us when it will be backed up by resources and action.

Lord Darzi of Denham: My Lords, I thank the noble Earl, Lord Howe, and the noble Baroness, Lady Barker, for their responses to the Statement. The points and issues that they raised highlight the challenge posed by the problem of obesity. As the noble Baroness pointed out, it is a challenge not just to an individual but to their family, their community and society.
	I want to cover some of the points raised first by addressing the issue of staffing in public health, and then I shall certainly come back to the issue of public health budgets. It is important to appreciate that the enlarged number of staff performing public health duties in the NHS and social care are, rightly or wrongly, not formally coded in our workforce; that includes health visitors, school nurses, general practitioners and other professionals who make a vital contribution to public health. The number of nurses in primary care in community settings has increased by about 40 per cent since 1997, with a 10 per cent increase in public health consultants between 1997 and 2006. Whether that is adequate to meet some of the challenges referred to in the Foresight report remains to be addressed.
	The report is a challenge to all of us. I am grateful to the noble Earl, Lord Howe, for his ideas and suggestions, which have been very much at the forefront of the recommendations. We have made great progress in breaking down some of the targets in school sports and setting out the standards for school food. I know from my experience of schools in my own environment that changing the content of school meals has been received unfavourably because most kids do not like what we put in front of them. That is a cultural challenge that we need to deal with.
	Primary care trusts were certainly notified of their revenue allocations for 2006-07 and 2007-08 in February 2005. The allocations separately identified funding to support the initiative set out in the White Paper, Choosing Health: Making Healthy Choices Easier. The PCTs need to determine how to use the funds allocated to them in commissioning services and meeting the healthcare needs of their local population. The balance between so-called national targets and locally decided priorities should be in favour of the latter. Although we have received a number of representations about ring-fenced funding, our position remains that the National Health Service must be free to make its own local spending decisions while we monitor their outcomes.
	That does not represent a less ambitious commitment—far from it. Our new ambition is bolder and recognises the need to go further and faster. It focuses on healthy weight, which allows us to tackle overweight as well as obesity. It also has more emphasis on overweight and obesity in the broader population while maintaining our priority focus on children. It also reflects the recognition of the need for long-term commitments, with joined-up action across Whitehall and society more widely.
	The noble Baroness, Lady Barker, raised the issue of bariatric surgery, an area in which I have practised and been involved in introducing keyhole surgery. The threshold in the acceptance of patients has significantly reduced. When I sit with my patients to counsel them about surgery, I always tell them that it is the last resort. Prevention is better than cure and we need to concentrate on efforts in targeting the populations at the highest risk. I wish to see that, rather than more patients referred to bariatric surgery. The market-driven forces across the pond in the United States has driven up bariatric surgery significantly, with growth rates of about 400 per cent, but I would not consider that an example of good practice.

Lord Soley: My Lords, does my noble friend accept that there is a very real and wider problem which we all have to address in society and which he has put in very good context? As he has touched on, it goes right through society and includes all parties. One of the most important aspects in my judgment has been that in the past 50 years there has been a dramatic increase in home entertainment, with television and computers. Prior to that, children played outside, normally. It is activity, not just food intake, that we should think about in this context—but it is not easy for parents to pull the plug on home entertainment. That is why there needs to be a much wider debate. The business of children being inside much more has implications both for obesity and for the way in which communities develop and maintain community links.

Lord Darzi of Denham: My Lords, I agree with the noble Lord in some of his suggestions on sports activities and the entertainment provided by the media, which preoccupies the whole household and not just children. It is an issue that I have no doubt we need to address in partnership with the media and other TV providers. There is some early evidence to suggest that some of them could, if they were structured in the right way, enhance playing and exercise activities. In other words, the media could spread good practice rather than just providing something to watch, which most of us have been concerned about as parents.

Baroness Sharples: My Lords, how many playing fields have been lost in the past 10 years?

Lord Darzi of Denham: My Lords, the playing fields to which the noble Baroness refers have been a priority for this Government; we now enjoy better than ever protection through government planning in regulations and in arrangements established by the DfES. Fifteen new playing fields were created last year, and £387 million was invested in 636 new and improved indoor and outdoor facilities in 2004-05. This is an extremely important issue and the Government are committed to increasing swimming and playing-field activities related to this challenging problem.

Lord Krebs: My Lords, I very much welcome the Foresight report and the Minister's response to it. However, as the noble Earl, Lord Howe, has already said, this is not a new issue. Indeed, as the British Heart Foundation said in its press release, each time the matter of obesity is raised, the Government have pressed the snooze button, turned over and gone back to sleep.
	I have two questions. First, does the Minister accept that many of the actions taken so far are either tinkering at the edges or not based on sound evidence? For instance, the changes introduced to school meals have resulted in a reduction in the uptake of school meals of about 17 per cent. The front-of-pack labelling, to which noble Lords have referred, is a voluntary action and will not be accepted by the industry as a whole. As the noble Earl, Lord Howe, said, different parts of the food industry are adopting different labelling schemes, confusing the consuming public.
	Secondly, does the Minister accept that unless the Government are prepared to take firmer action, which will involve regulation, the issue of obesity will not be effectively tackled?

Lord Darzi of Denham: My Lords, I thank the noble Lord for his comments. I accept that the Government could do more, and that is one of the main drivers of our next-stage review. Certainly, the staying healthy agenda is one major theme in the nine strategic health authorities. I have set them the priority of coming up with the best pathways and models of care to tackle this challenging issue of obesity. That will be evidence based, but I come back to the Foresight report, which is extremely nutritious in its evidence base of the challenges facing us and what to do about them. As I said, the 17 per cent reduction in the uptake of meals and the change in the nutrition and types of food that we are presenting is a cultural issue that we need to work on.
	As for changing the voluntary scheme into a mandatory one, the challenge there is that it will probably have to go through the EU. If a case could be made for doing that in the next few years, I have no doubt that it would impact not just on childhood obesity but on adult obesity as well.

Baroness Falkner of Margravine: My Lords, I should like to press the Minister a little on food labelling. We know that voluntary front-of-pack labelling is not really working. We also know that many people buy pre-prepared food from outlets which do not label at all. I doubt that the noble Lord needs to go up Victoria Street to buy himself a sandwich, but were he to do so he would have no idea of the content and nutritional value or the number of calories in what he bought at many pre-prepared food shops. Will the Government consider extending mandatory food labelling across all food outlets? In reflecting on the lack of take-up of more nutritious school meals, will the noble Lord consider expanding the role of the school nurse to become an individual nutrition counsellor for children who are severely overweight or obese?

Lord Darzi of Denham: My Lords, the noble Baroness brings up one of the priorities in the Foresight report, which is to look at labelling more carefully. I remind the House that we lead on food labelling globally. We should be proud of that, but we could do better. We will work with the Food Standards Agency and the food industry—it needs to be a partnership—to introduce front-of-pack labelling that makes it simpler for families to make healthier food choices. Our preferred model, developed by the Food Standards Agency, is based on the traffic light system, which consumers find easy to understand. This has already been adopted by many major retailers and manufacturers such as Sainsbury's, Marks and Spencer and Waitrose. A rival scheme, based on the guideline daily amounts, was touched on by the noble Earl, Lord Howe, and is used by a number of other manufacturers and retailers such as Asda and Tesco. We believe that the GDA model is confusing to consumers, particularly those with poor numeracy skills. Last month Defra launched its Year of Food and Farming education programme which aims to give young people direct experience of the food chain to encourage healthy eating. We can do more. I agree that we need more evidence and that we need to monitor the progress of food labelling and its impact on the uptake of children and their families.

Baroness McIntosh of Hudnall: My Lords, does my noble friend agree that there is a good deal of conflicting advice on—if I can put it like this—the relationship between calories-in and calories-out, and that people are not certain what sort of exercise, or how much exercise, is appropriate or necessary to maintain a healthy weight and general health? Do the Government intend to look at the issue and provide standardised information to which people can reliably refer for help in determining what kind of exercise is appropriate in order properly to use up the calories that they have ingested?

Lord Darzi of Denham: My Lords, my noble friend raises the very challenging issue of calories-in versus calories-out. The difficulty with that scheme is that it all depends on the size of the engine. The basal metabolic rates of biological beings are very different and this will remain a challenging problem. My advice would be to have a personalised exercise scheme to fit the individual's age, weight and cardiovascular status.

The Earl of Onslow: My Lords, I am too fat—I use that word deliberately, rather than obese, because the word obese is a euphemism—because I eat too much and because I follow the advice of Oscar Wilde on exercise, which is that whenever I feel the need for it I lie down and let it pass. Fatness is an extremely simple problem; if you eat too much and do not take enough exercise you get fat. The more we faff about with enormous reports, the more that message gets lost. That message alone must get across, about people not eating so much and taking more exercise. If I obey my wife and do not eat great chunks of butter on my bread, my waistline will go down by four inches. I should also walk rather than drive to the station.

Lord Darzi of Denham: My Lords, the noble Earl makes an extremely important contribution, and I have no doubt that the Government would be extremely successful if we could disseminate his sage advice.

Lord Tanlaw: My Lords, I declare an interest as chairman of the All-Party Group on Lighter Evenings Experiment. I usually do not speak on this subject but we have been lobbied by school heads up and down the country, including the northern part of the country, that an extra hour of daylight would allow children to boot a ball about before going down to the chip shop and slumping in front of the television. It is all very well all three parties saying that we have to take exercise, but are we to take exercise in the dark? Will the Minister do a survey of all school heads on this subject, asking whether they would prefer lighter evenings for exercise, which they all want and advocate?

Lord Darzi of Denham: My Lords, I certainly will take the noble Lord's advice, look into the matter and respond.

Baroness O'Cathain: My Lords, much emphasis has been put on labelling, which is fine, even if it is complicated. But following on from the question asked by the noble Baroness, Lady Falkner, does the Minister have any indication how much food is consumed outside the home where you have no indication of the calories or the fat and salt content? How many noble Lords know that if you go to the local coffee bar and order a large cappuccino and a muffin, you are taking in up to 30 per cent of your recommended daily allowance? Secondly, the noble Lord mentioned that a cross-government strategy on obesity will be introduced. Why not a cross-party strategy on obesity? Not all the knowledge and wisdom on this issue is in the Government. Thirdly, perhaps the Minister should start at home—not in his home, but here—and put labels on the food in the Bishops' Bar.

Lord Darzi of Denham: My Lords, I am grateful for those questions, particularly as they relate to the educational challenge that we need to pursue. The challenge is not only for children but also for families. Beside the school heads, it is families that we must tackle if we are to achieve change. I strongly welcome cross-party support for such a strategy because this is one of the major challenges facing the NHS, as I said in the Statement. The cost of this is astronomical, somewhere around £45.5 billion a year by 2020. It all starts at home, whether home is the House of Lords, the local school or the family home; we need to start thinking about looking before eating.

Lord Rea: My Lords, in view of the serious situation revealed by the Foresight report, will the Government put—among what I hope will be a raft of other measures across government—increased pressure on Ofcom to end broadcast advertising, not only to children but to everyone, of foods that are high in sugar and fat? Following the point made by the noble Lord, Lord Krebs, are the Government ready to introduce early regulations if such advertising continues?

Lord Darzi of Denham: My Lords, I am grateful to my noble friend. One of the Government's boldest actions with regard to Ofcom, which regulates the broadcast industry, was to restrict food and drink advertising to children. Current legislation provides that the advertising industry is not allowed to target TV ads for foods high in fat, salt and sugar—the so-called HFSS foods—on programmes that appeal to children under 16. I strongly believe that it is a very positive move. However, as my noble friend says, we can certainly do more. As thousands of youngsters watch shows such as "The X Factor" in adult airtime, we need to look at other measures as well.

Viscount Bledisloe: My Lords, first, I urge the Minister to accept the generous offer of the noble Earl, Lord Onslow, to act as exhibit 1 in school lectures on this topic. On a more serious note, the Minister has given us a frightening figure for the cost of obesity and said that, for example, people who are obese will die 12 years earlier. Does the figure therefore take into account the fact that the Government will save 12 years of state pension and 12 years of care? Does it also take into account the fact that since we all have to die of something, if people do not die of obesity, they may well have another serious illness such as cancer or Alzheimer's which would cost the state the same amount? Or does it merely measure the cost of obesity without in any way paying attention to the savings?

Lord Darzi of Denham: My Lords, the noble Viscount makes an important point which, as a practising clinician, I find challenging. I have spent all of my career trying to prolong life.

Lord Addington: My Lords, when we heard this Statement, for once we had an admission that this matter is not dealt with by one department of state but goes across government. However, a department of state will have to take the lead. Are there any plans to enable, for instance, the Department of Health to tell planners that they must make it possible for people to take recreational activity easily? Will the department at any point be able to say to the education department: "You are getting it wrong. Can we have not only more school sport but a strategy that allows people easily to transfer to adult sport."? We have not even started to tackle that.

Lord Darzi of Denham: My Lords, the noble Lord has made a statement about the importance of cross-government working, and I strongly suggest that there should be cross-government accountability on this issue. The Department of Health has a serious contribution to make. But if it leads on this without the accountability of other government departments, we will not excel at the speed that the Foresight report suggests.

Lord Colwyn: My Lords, does the Minister agree that as something like 50 to 60 per cent of children are registered with NHS dentists, the dental profession could have an important role to play in offering nutritional advice, not only to avoid dental decay but to help avoid obesity? Will he review the provision of UDAs—units of dental activity—for preventive advice on dental and general health?

Lord Darzi of Denham: My Lords, the noble Lord highlights ways in which we can engage children and adults through advice on how to improve their diets. Dentistry could play a significant role, and I would be more than happy to look at the UDA figures he referred to. In addition to dentistry, pharmacists and all other allied professionals in healthcare provision could play a more significant role.

Lady Saltoun of Abernethy: My Lords, it should have been obvious to the Government that the take-up of healthy school dinners would drop, because children hate anything new and unfamiliar. There is only one way of ensuring that they eat healthy school dinners, and that is to prevent their bringing unhealthy packed lunches to school or going out and buying chips and Mars bars in the lunch hour. When they are really hungry, they will eat the school dinners. We all did when we were children and there was no choice.

Lord Darzi of Denham: My Lords, I am grateful for the noble Lady's contribution. I feel that a balance has to be struck between what we, sitting here in government, can push kids to do and what families and schools can contribute in taking some of the noble Lady's advice.

Legal Services Bill [HL]

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the Commons amendments be now considered.

Moved accordingly, and, on Question, Motion agreed to.
	commons amendments
	[The page and line references are to Bill 108, the Bill as first printed for the Commons.]
	Clause 8, page 3, line 28, leave out subsection (2) and insert-
	"( ) The Consumer Panel is to consist of such consumers, or persons representing the interests of consumers, as the Board may appoint with the approval of the Lord Chancellor."

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 1. I shall speak also to a considerable number of other government amendments.
	As a new entrant into discussion on the Legal Services Bill, I am aware of the very detailed consideration that it received in your Lordships' House. A number of changes have been made to the Bill, which has now come back to this House, and I should like to acknowledge the work of your Lordships in helping to improve it. I suspect that we shall have one or two disagreements this afternoon, but I start by commending the spirit of the House in seeking to improve the legislation. I am confident that the outcome of today's deliberations will bring the Bill to a conclusion; none the less, whatever is to befall us, I pay tribute to all noble Lords who have helped to improve it.
	This group includes a number of government amendments that were accepted in the other place and are minor and technical changes or relate to areas of policy where I believe there is little between us.
	Amendments Nos. 1, 2 and 3 require the board to seek the approval of the Lord Chancellor before making appointments to the Consumer Panel or removing members. These amendments received widespread support in another place and further safeguard the independence of appointments to the panel.
	Amendments Nos. 6, 7, 9, 16, 23, 55, 56, 57, 68, 80, 146, 215 to 218, 230, 237, 238, 248, 249, 251, 254, 255, 258, 259 and 261 are of a minor and technical nature. They make technical or consequential drafting changes, further clarify provisions in the Bill or are minor amendments that are consistent with previously agreed policy.
	Amendments Nos. 17, 18, 21, 22, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 96 to 99, 101 to 145, 172, 175, 176, 183, 219, 220, 222, 227, 240 to 243, 263 and 264 refine the ownership provisions in Part 5 of, and Schedules 16 and 17 to, the Bill in order to provide more clarity on how firms and companies with complex ownership structures fit into the ABS or recognised body regimes, as well as more clarity on whether non-lawyer owners and managers are subject to the fitness-to-own tests.
	Amendments Nos. 28, 34 and 35 make necessary amendments to close a loophole in Clause 108, which would have allowed a body to have low-risk status even if it was 90 per cent owned by another licensed body that itself might be 100 per cent non-lawyer owned.
	Amendments Nos. 53 and 54 ensure that the board will have sufficient funds to cover any expenditure that it needs to incur as a result of functions that it has under other Acts, by virtue of amendments made to those Acts by the Bill—for example, functions conferred on the board by the Compensation Act 2006. Functions covered by these amendments will necessarily have been approved by Parliament. It is important that we ensure that the board is not left with a funding shortfall.
	Amendments Nos. 58 to 67, 234, 244 to 247 and 260 are necessary to update the Bill's provisions on legal professional privilege to ensure that they take account of the most recent developments in the law of privilege. Together they reflect the fact that legal professional privilege applies not only in legal proceedings but in other contexts, and the fact that it extends not just to communications but also to documents, materials and information.
	In line with Treasury guidance, Amendments Nos. 89 and 147 ensure that, should it be necessary, ordinary members of the board and the Office for Legal Complaints can receive a pension, allowance or gratuity. The amendments also allow for ordinary members of the two organisations to be paid compensation, if appropriate. At this stage, we do not intend to make the posts of chair and ordinary board member pensionable. However, it is important that the Bill is not too restrictive, as circumstances may change. I understand that this is normal in relation to a number of public bodies. Amendments Nos. 90 and 148 also allow for the payment of compensation to staff at both organisations for loss of employment.
	Amendments Nos. 91 to 95 ensure that exemptions from the requirement to be authorised in order to conduct reserved instrument activities that currently apply to employees working under the supervision of authorised persons are extended to cover partners who conduct reserved activities under the supervision of authorised persons.
	Amendments Nos. 150 to 171, 173, 174, 177, 187, 189 to 191, 193 to 202, 225, 226, 228, 229, 232, 233 and 257 extend the regulatory powers of the Law Society to improve its powers over sole practitioners and employees of solicitors. Also, Amendments Nos. 188, 192 and 224 reflect the commitment made in this House to further update the Law Society's powers so that it is able to rebuke and fine solicitors for less serious professional misconduct cases. Minor and technical changes have also been made through Amendments Nos. 178 to 182, 184 to 186 and 223 to the information powers in Schedule 16.
	I hope that taking this large group of amendments together makes sense to the House. I believe that there are no substantive differences between us on these issues. I think the amendments respond effectively to many of the points made in your Lordships' House and in the other place.
	Moved, That the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 1.—(Lord Hunt of Kings Heath.)

Lord Kingsland: My Lords, we have one or two quibbles with what the Minister has said, but we overwhelmingly accept his judgment on these issues and are content to let the matter rest there.

On Question, Motion agreed to.
	Page 4, line 21, leave out "on terms and conditions" and insert "for a fixed period, and on other terms and conditions,"
	Page 4, line 23, at end insert-
	"( ) But a person may be removed from office in accordance with those terms and conditions only with the approval of the Lord Chancellor.
	( ) A person who ceases to be chairman or another member of the Consumer Panel may be re-appointed."

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 2 and 3.

Moved accordingly, and, on Question, Motion agreed to.
	Clause 15, Page 7, line 15, at end insert-
	"( ) Where P is an independent trade union, persons provided with relevant services by virtue of-
	(a) their membership or former membership of P, or(b) another person's membership or former membership of P,
	do not constitute the public or a section of the public."

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I thank the noble Lord for his kind comments on the first group of amendments. I look forward to similar comments on this group. I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 4.
	Amendments were made in the other place that dealt with the regulatory status of trade unions. In essence, they made clear the position of unions under Clause 15(4). That clause allows the staff of organisations to provide reserved legal services in defined circumstances without the organisation having to be regulated as an entity under the Bill. Those circumstances include situations where the organisation does not provide legal services to the public. Clause 15(6) sets out that for these purposes a trade union's membership, including people connected to a member or former member, does not count as a section of the public. The result is that the union does not have to be regulated as an entity in order for its staff to provide legal services to members.
	There has been considerable debate in the other place and I want to remind the House of a number of important matters to take into account in debating this group. First, reserved services provided by a union will still have to be carried out by qualified lawyers. Secondly, those lawyers will be subject to the regulatory rules of an approved regulator. If a union's practices require lawyers to work in a way that the regulator believes is not in the best interests of its members, it will be able to change its rules, with LSB agreement, to prevent the lawyers from working there. Thirdly, this special treatment is confined to services provided by virtue of membership. Let me make it clear. If a union offers services to others, and/or offers services on a more commercial basis, it will fall outside Clause 15(6); it will need to be regulated as an entity and, because of its ownership structure, will need to be licensed as an ABS.
	Finally, many unions do not provide reserved services through their own staff but instead have arrangements with external firms. In those circumstances, the union's offices may be providing non-reserved services such as advice, but the union will fall outside the exemption in Clause 15 and so no special treatment will be needed. Of course, the external firms providing the contracted services will be fully regulated.
	Moved, That the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 4.—(Lord Hunt of Kings Heath.)

Lord Kingsland: rose to move, as an amendment to the Motion that this House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 4, leave out from "House" to end and insert "do disagree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 4 but do propose Amendment No. 4A in lieu".
	Page 7, line 15, at end insert-
	"(5A) Where P is an independent trade union, persons provided with relevant services do not constitute the public or a section of the public in the circumstances specified in subsection (5B).
	(5B) The circumstances are-
	(a) the persons are provided with the services by virtue of-(i) their membership or former membership of P, or(ii) another person's membership or former membership of P,(b) the services are provided to the persons in connection with any matter which arises out of the terms and conditions of their employment, their treatment by their employers, their workplace relationships or their workplace or other working conditions, and(c) any such employment, employer or workplace is one in respect of which P represents, or seeks to represent, workers as a trade union."

Lord Kingsland: My Lords, your Lordships have never seen these amendments before; they suddenly featured in Committee in another place. Their aim is to exempt trade unions from the requirement to become licensed as ABS firms in order to provide reserved legal services to their members. In other words, although the individual lawyer would continue to be regulated by whichever regulatory board to which he belonged, the entity itself would not be regulated. This is, as I understand it, contrary to the whole principle of regulation enshrined in the Bill.
	The Government's answer is to say that the exemption is necessary to avoid advice given by lay union officials being caught by the regulatory scheme. On the assumption that that is desirable, why did the Government not provide simply for that? As it stands, the exemption now embraces any legal services that a trade union may offer its members. For example, it will now be possible under the Bill for a trade union, operating entirely outside the regulatory structure, to provide conveyancing services or representation in divorce proceedings.
	Moreover, there is no statutory restriction, as far as I am aware, on who can be made members of a trade union; so unions could enrol new members solely for the purpose of providing legal services. That is a potentially significant gap in the elaborate regulatory structure deemed by the Government to be in the public interest.
	Accordingly, we have tabled an amendment that limits the exemption to the provision by a trade union of legal services ancillary or incidental to its principal function. I beg to move.
	Moved, as an amendment to the Motion that this House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 4, leave out from "House" to end and insert "do disagree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 4 but do propose Amendment No. 4A in lieu".

Lord Thomas of Gresford: My Lords, we on these Benches have considered the issues raised by the amendment and support it. The noble Lord, Lord Kingsland, has said everything that needs to be said on the topic and I do not propose to add to that.

Lord Sawyer: My Lords, I declare an interest as a non-executive director of a firm providing some legal services to the trade union movement. My anxiety with the amendment tabled by the noble Lord, Lord Kingsland, is that it would narrow the scope of the exemption so that certain specialist services provided by trade unions to members would no longer be covered. I am thinking of, for example, advice in relation to aspects of education law, in relation to union members acting as pension trustees on their pension schemes, in relation to legal disputes that might affect third parties such as other employees within the workplace or students, or in relation to intellectual property or performance rights.
	The proposed changes would create legal uncertainty about when the exemption would apply to trade unions. Given that failure to act within the exemption could result in a trade union official committing a criminal offence, we believe that it is essential that the wording of the exemption is clear and does not include such uncertainty. The best way of ensuring that trade unions can continue to provide effective representation in workplaces and specialist legal services to members relating to many different aspects of employment is to provide a broadly defined exemption in the Bill. We believe that the existing wording of Clause 15 should be retained.

Baroness Turner of Camden: My Lords, I agree with the previous speaker. I spent part of my career as a union official and some of it was connected with getting in touch with lawyers on behalf of individual members. I fail to see why the provision of legal services should not be a service that unions can advertise with a view to attracting membership. That has been a standard practice in the trade union movement for many years, and we have been able to help an enormous number of members in a variety of instances with those services. As has already been indicated, we employ lawyers to provide this important service to members. I hope that the House will not agree with the amendment moved by the noble Lord, Lord Kingsland.

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I shall first respond to the point raised by the noble Lord, Lord Kingsland, who said that this House has not had an opportunity to debate these matters in detail. He is quite right. My understanding is that my noble friend the former Lord Chancellor, the noble and learned Lord, Lord Falconer, said at Second Reading that the Government would bring forward amendments in this area. It was hoped that they would be brought forward during the passage of the Bill in your Lordships' House. As it turned out, many discussions took place and it took time before the necessary amendments could be laid. They missed the opportunity to be debated in your Lordships' House and were therefore introduced in the other place.
	I understand entirely what the noble Lord, Lord Kingsland, is getting at, but there are difficulties in using the terms that he used connected with employment. My noble friend Lord Sawyer put his finger on it. Our worry is that a union wanting to provide reserved legal services might not be certain of the circumstances in which it would be able to do so within the exemption. The problem is that, if it was uncertain, that might lead to its reducing the services that it might offer, which might impact on access to justice, an issue that we will debate shortly. The government amendments have the virtue of certainty in that respect. It would also be worrying if a narrow interpretation connected with employment were to prevent advice from being given in the areas that my noble friend Lord Sawyer suggested.
	I know that much of the concern in this debate has focused on consumer protection. We think that the amendments offer sufficient protection to union members and will not affect the wider public. Including the provisions will give certainty over a vital trade union function, which is the ability of union officials, many of them lay people, to advise fellow members in the workplace. Those of us with experience of unions would testify that that is one of the most valuable jobs that unions do and contributes to the general well-being of many people. We were concerned that, if unions had to be regulated as entities, many of them would find it difficult to put in place the necessary arrangements in an economic and efficient way, which would militate against their ability to offer those services.
	The Joint Committee on the draft Bill discussed the matter in some detail. It said that it was concerned that the Bill as originally drafted could restrict the ability of trade unions to act in their members' interests. We think that the amendments meet that point without unduly restricting the area in which this may operate, a result that might come about with the noble Lord's amendment.

Lord Thomas of Gresford: My Lords, surely the whole purpose of the Bill is to protect the consumer. Why should not the trade union member, who obtains advice not in relation to his employment but for conveyancing services and so on, have the same regulatory protection that the Government are offering to everybody else? Why should they not be covered by the scheme?

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, there are two points to make about that. First, why should union members be restricted in relation to the kind of services that unions have traditionally offered? Secondly, because of the other regulatory safeguards that are in place, we think that there will be adequate safeguards. There is a balance to be drawn here. We may disagree on that, but the Government believe that this provision is sensible in relation to what can be provided to union members.

Lord Thomas of Gresford: My Lords, I do not think that the Minister understands me. Trade union members receiving advice outside the usual employment areas will be getting a less safe service from the legal branch of the union that is advising them on these outside matters. Where do they gain from that? I mean the trade union members; I am not talking about the union, which might have to spend a little money in order to put proper protection in place.

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, of course this concern is about the trade union members, not the trade union organisations. Surely the point is that you have the protections available in relation to the individuals who may be providing that advice. The ability of union members to have access to a wider area of advice than they would under the amendment moved by the noble Lord, Lord Kingsland, is a real advantage to those members. That is why we have gone down this course.

Lord Campbell of Alloway: My Lords, is not the balance to which the Minister refers tipped against the interests of the membership in favour of the officials of the trade union movement? Is not that the truth of the problem?

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I do not think so. Those of us with experience of being trade union members would acknowledge that the advice that such officials can give can be very valuable. It would be a great pity to inhibit that.

Lord Hunt of Wirral: My Lords, the noble Lord is of course right that the Select Committee raised concerns about the position of trade unions when his ministerial colleague had not reached a decision. I remind him that we were concerned about the provision of legal services by subsidiary companies wholly owned by trade unions. That is why the necessary exemption surely has to be very carefully drafted.

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I am sure that that is right. I was praying in aid the noble Lord's name only on the general principle of seeking to ensure that some of the services currently provided are not inhibited.
	I am not sure that we are going to get further on the matter. The Government believe that this is the most appropriate way forward. I look forward to the comments of the noble Lord, Lord Kingsland.

Lord Kingsland: My Lords, I am most grateful to the Minister. I understand his dilemma very well. When I said that this matter had been introduced in another place out of the blue and had not been considered at all by your Lordships' House, I did not in anyway mean to criticise him personally. Indeed, there are often circumstances in the middle of a Bill's passage in which, because of an event over which one has no control, one has suddenly to introduce an element that was not considered by one or other of the two Houses. I would not want him to think that I was trying to make a party-political point.
	Nevertheless, the problem with introducing this at such a late stage is that we cannot have the normal exchange of views—the normal process of iteration—which often brings us, especially in your Lordships' House, to an amicable conclusion. The difficulty is that this is the one and only time we have to consider this matter.
	I have much sympathy with what has been said on all sides of the House. The concern of the noble Lord, Lord Sawyer, about the definition in our amendment in relation to matters connected with the provision of advice on employment is a perfectly sound observation. I cannot be sure exactly what the scope of our amendment will be. Indeed, nobody can be sure of the scope of any of the clauses in the Bill.
	I have tried, as accurately as possible, to distinguish those services that legitimately ought to be given by a trade union to its members in the context of employment and the other services, which were extremely well defined by the noble Baroness, Lady Turner of Camden. She reminded us that trade unions have traditionally offered—even advertised—services with a view to attracting members. That is precisely the area at which this amendment is targeted. We think, as the noble Lord, Lord Thomas of Gresford, said, almost in aphorism, that those individuals deserve the same standard of protection as every other consumer in the country. Many of those services are totally unconnected with the employment function that it is the duty of the union to protect.
	In those circumstances, I am inclined to ask the opinion of the House, realising that, if we win, the Government will have an opportunity to look at the matter again.

On Question, Whether the said amendment (No. 4A) shall be agreed to?
	Their Lordships divided: Contents, 174; Not-Contents, 138.

Resolved in the affirmative, and amendment agreed to accordingly.
	Page 7, line 16, after "(6)" insert "Subject to that,"
	Page 9, line 17, leave out from "who" to end of line 18 and insert ", for the purposes of carrying on the relevant activity, is an exempt person by virtue of-
	(a) Schedule 3 (exempt persons), or(b) paragraph 13 or 18 of Schedule 5 (additional categories of exempt persons during transitional period)."
	Page 11, line 29, leave out "(other than an individual)"
	Page 12, line 1, leave out "a" and insert "an independent"
	Page 14, line 26, leave out "and" and insert "or"

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 5 to 9. I have already spoken to these amendments.

Moved accordingly, and, on Question, Motion agreed to.
	Page 15, line 30, leave out from "on" to "and" in line 31 and insert "one or more of the regulatory objectives,"
	Page 15, line 30, leave out from "impact" to end of line 33 and insert "on one or more of the regulatory objectives, and
	(b) that it is appropriate to take the action proposed under subsection (1) in all the circumstances of the case (including in particular the impact of taking the action on the other regulatory objectives)."
	Page 16, line 14, leave out from "have," to end of line 15 and insert "an adverse impact on one or more of the regulatory objectives,"
	Page 16, line 14, leave out from "likely" to end of line 15 and insert "to have an adverse impact on one or more of the regulatory objectives,"
	Page 16, line 33, at end insert-
	"( ) In a case within subsection (1)(a), before giving a direction under subsection (2) the Board must in particular consider the impact of giving the direction on the other regulatory objectives."
	Page 17, line 27, leave out from "have," to "and" in line 28 and insert "an adverse impact on one or more of the regulatory objectives,"
	Page 17, line 27, leave out from "have" to end of line 30 and insert "an adverse impact on one or more of the regulatory objectives, and (b) that it is appropriate to act under this section in all the circumstances of the case (including in particular the impact of so acting on the other regulatory objectives)."
	Page 21, line 9, leave out from "have," to "and" in line 10 and insert "an adverse impact on one or more of the regulatory objectives,"
	Page 21, line 9, leave out from "have" to end of line 12 and insert "an adverse impact on one or more of the regulatory objectives, and
	(b) that it is appropriate to give the intervention direction in all the circumstances of the case (including in particular the impact of giving the direction on the other regulatory objectives)."
	Page 23, line 29, leave out from "have," to "and" in line 30 and insert "an adverse impact on one or more of the regulatory objectives,"
	Page 23, line 29, leave out from "have" to end of line 32 and insert "an adverse impact on one or more of the regulatory objectives, and
	(b) that it is appropriate to cancel the body's designation in relation to the activity or activities in question in all the circumstances of the case (including in particular the impact of cancelling the designation on the other regulatory objectives)."
	Page 43, line 14, leave out from "on" to end of line 18 and insert "one or more of the regulatory objectives, and
	(b) that it is appropriate to cancel the approved regulator's designation in relation to the activity or activities in question in all the circumstances of the case (including in particular the impact of cancelling the designation on the other regulatory objectives)."

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do disagree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 10 to 14, but do propose Amendments Nos. 10A, 11A, 11B, 12A, 13A, 14A and 14C in lieu. Perhaps I may point out that there was a mistake and a corrected amendment, Amendment No. 14C, has been tabled in lieu of Amendment No. 14B, which has been removed from the Marshalled List.
	These amendments bring us to the important question of the threshold limits on the exercise of broad powers and allow for the board to regulate proportionately and effectively. In this and the next group of amendments we will debate the appropriate style of the overarching regulator. I understand fully that this is very important. One wishes to get the benefits of having an overarching regulator, but in a way that does not cramp the style or micromanage the individual regulatory bodies. Getting the balance right is very important.
	We all recognise the importance of a board which, in accordance with Sir David Clementi's recommendations, is an effective oversight regulator that allows the approved regulators to get on with their jobs but is able to take appropriate action where those regulators fail to do so. Consideration has been given to ensuring that, within that, we have a sensible relationship and that we do not raise the threshold so as to prevent the board from acting or to cause doubt or argument about its ability to act. Equally, we do not want the board trying to micromanage the activities of the regulatory bodies. We believe that this group of amendments provides that essential balance. I beg to move.
	Moved, That the House do disagree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 10 to 14, but do propose Amendments Nos. 10A, 11A, 11B, 12A, 13A, 14A and 14C in lieu.—(Lord Hunt of Kings Heath.)

Lord Kingsland: My Lords, I thank the Minister for the change that, in particular, Amendment No. 12A introduces. He will be aware that what I take to be the substance of that amendment formed part of one of the amendments which was incorporated in the Bill in your Lordships' House before it went to another place.
	I know that the right honourable gentleman the then Home Secretary considered Amendment No. 12A at the Committee stage in another place but, for some reason I have not yet fathomed, it did not find its way at Report stage into the Bill. The Minister has now rectified that omission by bringing it forward at this stage, and I am extremely grateful to him for doing so.
	I should like to be absolutely clear about the text. Paragraph (b) of Amendment No. 12A states,
	"that it is appropriate to act under this section in all the circumstances of the case (including in particular the impact of so acting on the other regulatory objectives)".
	In the Bill as it first emerged, it was enough to trigger the involvement of the Legal Services Board for an adverse impact to be experienced simply by one of the eight regulatory objectives. As I understand it, the amendment now states that the Legal Services Board has to conduct a kind of cost-benefit analysis; that is to say, it has to look at the initial adverse impact in the context of any positive impact that might be had on the other seven objectives.
	One of the examples mooted in your Lordships' House during our many debates on this subject was about a measure which had an adverse impact on competition but a correspondingly beneficial effect on access to justice, and it was up to the Legal Services Board to determine whether or not there was a net benefit. That is my understanding of what we sought to do here. It is also my understanding of what the amendment, which the Minister has kindly presented to your Lordships' House, achieves. I should like the Minister to confirm that.

Lord Thomas of Gresford: My Lords, we, too, are grateful to the Government for considering the debates that we had in this House and in another place and for moving towards the position that we adopted on these Benches. This is a very considerable improvement on the Bill as originally drafted and we support the Government in what they have done.

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I thought the noble Lord, Lord Kingsland, put it very well; better, in fact, than my speaking note. He is quite right about the approach that is taken and I am grateful for his support.

On Question, Motion agreed to.
	Page 27, line 1, leave out subsection (3) and insert-
	"( ) In preparing a statement of policy, the Board must have regard to the principle that its principal role is the oversight of approved regulators.
	( ) The statement of policy prepared under subsection (1) must-
	(a) take account of the desirability of resolving informally matters which arise between the Board and an approved regulator, and(b) specify how, in exercising the functions mentioned in that subsection, the Board will comply with the requirements of section 3(3) (regulatory activities to be proportionate, consistent and targeted only at cases in which action is needed, etc)."

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 15.
	This group of amendments covers the area we have just discussed—the essential balance between the role of the overarching regulator and the individual bodies. Previous debates on this issue centred on the need to establish the appropriate relationship between the board and the approved regulators, and that gave rise to amendments that covered three main issues. First, the board should consider the "B plus" model of regulation by recognising that the primary responsibility for regulation rested with the approved regulators. Secondly, the board should apply a test that the approved regulator had taken unreasonable action or inaction before it could exercise its powers. Thirdly, the board must seek to resolve matters informally before resorting to the exercise of a power.
	While there were technical drafting reasons, as there often are, why the Government could not accept those particular amendments, we agreed with two of the three underlying principles so that the board would be making it clear in the policy statement how it would avoid micromanagement or second-guessing of approved regulators. All agreed, as do I, that that would be highly undesirable.
	We were not able to accept the requirement for the board to fetter its discretion to act so that it must be satisfied before it can use any of its powers that the action or inaction of the approved regulator to which the power would be directed is unreasonable. Of course it is sensible that the board should consider the reasonableness of an approved regulator's actions before exercising its powers. Unreasonable action or stubbornness in refusing to take action when it is clearly called for will raise for the board the question of whether it should act. There may be occasions, however, when an approved regulator might act or refuse to act in a way that the regulator argues is not outside the bounds of what a reasonable regulator might choose to do but the overall effect has, or seriously risks having, a harmful effect on the regulatory objectives. Our concern is that we would not want to prevent the board taking such action in such circumstances.
	Moved, That the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 15.—(Lord Hunt of Kings Heath.)
	Line 10, at end insert ", and
	(c) ensure that the Board exercises its powers only where it considers that the action or inaction of an approved regulator is not an approach which the approved regulator could reasonably have taken.""

Lord Kingsland: rose to move, as an amendment to the Motion that this House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 15, at end insert "but do propose Amendment No. 15A as an amendment to Commons Amendment No. 15".

Lord Kingsland: I thank the Minister for Amendment No. 15, which, once again, is a considerable improvement on the original text as well as being expressed far more elegantly than before. However, despite his tranquilising observations, I still wish to press Amendment No. 15A.
	The noble Lord will no doubt recall from the homework he will have had to do over the summer that all this started with the report of Sir David Clementi. Towards the end of his report Sir David said in terms that,
	"the LSB should be a small oversight body".
	In the Government's response to that, they said that the MSB should intervene only if an approved regulator was "clearly failing". Yet that philosophy was not reflected in the Bill as it arrived in your Lordships' House.
	Noble Lords will recall that, throughout all the stages in your Lordships' House, we repeatedly challenged the noble Baroness, Lady Ashton, that the Government put their money where their mouth was; that is, to express in concrete terms in the Bill what they had said in their response to the Clementi report. Unfortunately, we were insufficiently persuasive, so we had by amendment to achieve our objective. We achieved all our objectives by amendment; they have for the most part been reversed in another place. In the case of one of them, we ought to put the words back in the Bill.
	One of the amendments would have introduced "significant" to qualify the adverse impact. We thought that one approach would be to require the LSB to intervene only when the adverse impact had been significant. We took into account all those observations made in your Lordships' House, which carried great weight and said that "significant" is a difficult word for the judiciary to interpret. We have therefore left that aside and decided not to reintroduce it, but wish to reintroduce the other amendment, Amendment No. 15A, which would add a paragraph (c) to Amendment No. 15 to,
	"ensure that the board exercises its powers only where it considers that the action or inaction of an approved regulator is not an approach which the approved regulator could reasonably have taken".
	We feel completely justified in tabling the amendment, because the Minister will see that the composition of all the approved regulators reflects most accurately the composition of the Legal Services Board. The professions have separated their representative from their regulatory function; a substantial number of individuals on the approved regulatory board is lay; and all the members of the authorised regulators will be selected on the basis of the Nolan principles. So it would be only in rare circumstances that the LSB would be required to second-guess the activities of the approved regulators. Those circumstances are set out in Amendment No. 15A. I draw a great deal of support for my proposal from what the Minister said when addressing the thresholds at Third Reading in another place two days ago. She said that the LSB,
	"should not be in the business of micro-managing or second-guessing approved regulators".—[Official Report, Commons, 15/10/07; col. 655.]
	We have tabled the amendment to ensure that the Legal Services Board behaves exactly as the Minister wishes it to do in the way that she expressed it two days ago. I beg to move.
	Moved, That as an amendment to the Motion that this House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 15, at end insert "but do propose Amendment No. 15A as an amendment to Commons Amendment No. 15".—(Lord Kingsland.)

Lord Borrie: My Lords, the noble Lord, Lord Kingsland, has put his points forward with his customary reasonable and succinct style, which is always very effective. He knows, as all of us in this House know, that what we are discussing here is the balance between the roles of the approved regulators. I recognise the point that the noble Lord made: in the regulatory aspects of their role changes have been introduced that ensure that there is a large element of laymen and laywomen—independent people—along with the members of the profession concerned, which I am sure is very welcome to the Minister as well as to others.
	In the amendment moved by the noble Lord, Lord Kingsland, he is erecting a hurdle too far in imposing on the oversight regulator the obligation of saying that the approved regulator could not reasonably have come to a decision. When it gets down to reasonableness, it is perfectly possible for two bodies of well intentioned people of considerable integrity to come to two different points of view. Given the structure of the Bill as it relates to the oversight regulator, the board, and the approved regulators, it is perfectly reasonable and would be possible in an ultimate and no doubt extreme situation for the oversight regulator to say that even though the approved regulator has behaved reasonably it thinks, exceptionally, that it should be overruled.

Viscount Bledisloe: My Lords, I rise to support the amendment. There are only two ways in which a body asked to overrule a decision of a lower body can act. It can say either, "Well, I wouldn't have done that so we will change the decision", or, "That was not a reasonable decision to make and therefore we will overrule it". The noble Lord, Lord Borrie, says that in an exceptional situation the body can say that although the decision was reasonable it will overrule it. But if the situation was exceptional and the other body has come to an unacceptable decision, the decision was not in fact reasonable, however much it thought that it was.
	The example that the Minister gave is just not a real example. He said that the bodies might have two alternative views and that either might be reasonable—but then he said that the view arrived at would have very adverse consequences. If the view taken is going to have adverse consequences, it was not a reasonable view; if the body has not taken those adverse consequences into account properly, it has not come to a reasonable decision. There are no compromises in the middle. Unless the body is not going simply to say, "That is not what we would have done and therefore we will do something different", the amendment must be right.

Lord Campbell of Alloway: My Lords, having taken part in this discussion at previous stages—a most important part of our general discussion—I could not have heard the argument better expressed than today by my noble friend Lord Kingsland and the noble Lord, Lord Thomas of Gresford, so I have no more to say about that. I wholly accept the way in which it has been put, and I could not have done it as well. However, what concerns me is the intervention of the noble Lord, Lord Borrie. It seems to me incredible to object to the use of the word "reasonably" when the only way that any form of statutory body's conduct can be controlled is if the High Court thinks that it is unreasonable. I assume that the noble Lord does not wish to have unreasonable conduct controlled. If he does, then I do not understand his argument.

Lord Hunt of Wirral: My Lords, this is a very important discussion because, as my noble friend Lord Kingsland pointed out, throughout the Bill Ministers have always made it clear that the Legal Services Board should not intervene unless an approved regulator is acting unreasonably. That is exactly what my noble friend wishes to write into the Bill. We should not forget that we are dealing with an independent body. The Legal Services Board will look to the statute to clarify for its members how it should act. My noble friend Lord Campbell of Alloway is right to point out that if the noble Lord, Lord Borrie, is right in what he says, there is nothing to stop the Legal Services Board substituting its judgment for that of the approved regulator wherever the board takes a different decision. As the noble Viscount pointed out—

Lord Thomas of Gresford: My Lords, does the noble Lord agree that it would be difficult for anybody to consider whether the board's decision was reasonable in substituting its decision for what it regards to be a reasonable decision? Who controls the board?

Lord Hunt of Wirral: My Lords, I hope that the House is rapidly getting the impression that we are trying to avert confusion and to make the matter as simple as possible. The noble Viscount is right. The wording of my noble friend's amendment—even now the noble Lord, Lord Hunt of Kings Heath, may be thinking carefully about whether he can accept it—is exactly what Ministers have always said should happen. It is very important that the new independent body, the Legal Services Board, should be able to look to the statute rather than to what is said by Ministers in debate. It is very important to get this absolutely right in the statute. That is why I so strongly support my noble friend's amendment.

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, we Lord Hunts are very reasonable people but I am not sure that I can go as far as the noble Lord, Lord Hunt of Wirral, suggested. Of course, I very much understand the importance of this discussion. I cannot disagree with the comments of the noble Lord, Lord Kingsland, on a small oversight body and the other changes that are taking place: the separation of professionals from the disciplinary procedures; the involvement of more lay members; and the Nolan procedures. I agree with all of that and his general philosophy on the relationship between the board and the individual regulators. I have dealt with regulation in the health service, particularly as it affects doctors, and very much understand the arguments around the role of the overarching regulator and the individual bodies, and about making sure that the balance is right.
	However, I say to the noble Lord, Lord Kingsland, that our advice is that his amendment would require the board to ensure that before it takes any decision whether to exercise its powers it should apply the Wednesbury test of unreasonableness—the test that gives the decision maker a very wide margin of appreciation; in effect, any decision may validly be taken so long as no error of law or process is made and a reasonable decision maker could have taken it. The problem is that were the board required to pass this test before being able to take any action, it would have to be satisfied that a judicial review against the acts or omissions of the approved would succeed on the grounds that no reasonable approved regulator could have thought that action or inaction appropriate. The problem with that is that it would place a very great inhibitor on action by the board unless and until an approved regulator was in near collapse or was brazenly flouting principles of good regulation, by which time serious damage might have been done to the regulatory objectives. That is the point that my noble friend Lord Borrie made. I do not accept that without a "reasonable" test the board would seek to or be able to second guess approved regulators or impose its own policies where it does not agree with the decisions of approved regulators. I say to the noble Lord, Lord Hunt, that the board will be required—

Lord Campbell of Alloway: My Lords, if it was to second guess, what on earth could be done about it? That is the problem and the defect in the argument of the noble Lord.

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, first, the duties under Clause 3 require its regulatory activities to be proportionate, accountable and targeted only at cases in which action is needed. The threshold conditions on the use of board powers ensure that the board can take action only where in all circumstances of the case it is the appropriate action to take and the additional provisions tabled requiring the board to consider the impact of taking action on the other regulatory bodies, which we have just discussed. The other policy statements require the board to respect its oversight role and the principle that matters should be resolved informally.
	It is also important to note that, as a public body, it will be required to act in a proportionate manner when any convention rights of the approved regulators are engaged. It will be open to approved regulators judicially to review decisions of the board that are prima facie irrational, unreasonable or disproportionate. The question is whether the balance is right. The Government's view is that, were we to accept the amendment, the balance would not be right, and the board would be inhibited from any intervention unless it was in dire circumstances. I recognise that it is difficult to get the balance right, but accepting the amendment could have some very negative consequences on the Bill and on the role of the board.

Viscount Bledisloe: My Lords, the noble Lord said that he agrees with much of the objectives of the noble Lord, Lord Kingsland, but he thinks that the wording of the amendment goes a bit too far. Would the sensible thing not be for him formally to make no objection to the amendment for the moment, and for it then to be discussed—the matter has got to come back to us anyway because of the previous vote—to try to find some compromise wording halfway between the two of them?

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, the noble Viscount is very seductive, but the Government believe that we have got the balance right with the amendments that I have moved. Accepting the amendment proposed by the noble Lord, Lord Kingsland, would send us over that balance. I am afraid that, alluring as his offer is, I cannot accept it.

Lord Kingsland: My Lords, I am most grateful to the Minister and to all noble Lords who have engaged in this debate. The arguments of the noble Lord, Lord Borrie, are always beguiling. However, on this occasion, I did not find him as persuasive as I often do. He suggested that there might be a situation in which the position of the front-line regulator was reasonable but it would, nevertheless, be reasonable for the LSB to intervene. I pray in aid in response to that the remarks made by the Minister in the House of Commons—I apologise for repeating myself—who said that the LSB,
	"should not be in the business of micro-managing or second-guessing approved regulators".—[Official Report, Commons, 15/10/07; col. 655.]
	If the approved regulator makes a reasonable decision, for the LSB to intervene in those circumstances would be second-guessing its decision; it can be described in no other way. In those circumstances, I think that I am entitled to test the opinion of the House.

On Question, Whether the said amendment (No. 15A) shall be agreed to?
	Their Lordships divided: Contents, 180; Not-Contents, 138.

Resolved in the affirmative, and amendment agreed to accordingly.
	Clause 64, page 35, line 45, at end insert-
	"( ) to make regulations or rules providing for appeals to the High Court or another body against decisions made by the Board in its capacity as an approved regulator (including regulations or rules providing for a decision on such an appeal to be final and for orders as to payment of costs)."
	Clause 72, page 41, line 10, leave out subsections (1) and (2) and insert-
	"(1) A body ("B") is a licensable body if a non-authorised person-
	(a) is a manager of B, or(b) has an interest in B.
	(2) A body ("B") is also a licensable body if-
	(a) another body ("A") is a manager of B, or has an interest in B, and(b) non-authorised persons are entitled to exercise, or control the exercise of, at least 10% of the voting rights in A.
	(2A) For the purposes of this Act, a person has an interest in a body if-
	(a) the person holds shares in the body, or(b) the person is entitled to exercise, or control the exercise of, voting rights in the body.
	(2B) A body may be licensable by virtue of both subsection (1) and subsection (2).
	(2C) For the purposes of this Act, a non-authorised person has an indirect interest in a licensable body if the body is licensable by virtue of subsection (2) and the non-authorised person is entitled to exercise, or control the exercise of, voting rights in A."
	Page 41, line 26, at end insert ",
	and references to the holding of shares, or to a shareholding, are to be construed accordingly."

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 16 to 18.

Moved accordingly, and, on Question, Motion agreed to.
	Clause 83, page 48, line 17, at end insert-
	"( ) provision as to how the licensing authority, when considering the regulatory objectives (in compliance with its duties under section 3(2) or 28(2)) in connection with an application for a licence, should take account of the objective of improving access to justice,"

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 19.
	We now turn to the very important matter of access to justice in the ABS context. I understand that this has been debated extensively in both Houses and we all agree that we do not want new business structures to put access to justice at risk.
	We are confident that, contrary to some of the concerns expressed, ABS will improve access by making legal services more readily available at lower prices. I understand that that view is not shared by all noble Lords, but we have heeded the weight of feeling expressed on all sides and have introduced amendments that provide additional safeguards for access to justice, while placing it firmly in the context of the other regulatory objectives. The amendments that I speak to in this group seek to achieve this. They replace amendments that risk giving access to justice priority over other regulatory objectives but still give special attention to access to justice. My understanding is that the amendments received widespread support in the other place and I commend them to the House.
	Moved, That the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 19.—(Lord Hunt of Kings Heath.)

Lord Thomas of Gresford: rose to move, as an amendment to the Motion that this House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 19, at end insert "but do propose Amendment No. 19A as an amendment to Commons Amendment No. 19".
	Line 5, at end insert "in particular, the impact of the granting of the licence applied for upon the existing provision of legal services.""

Lord Thomas of Gresford: My Lords, we have spent hours debating the impact of alternative business structures on what I have referred to in the past as the high-street solicitor, about whose interests I am very concerned. The alternative business structures are welcomed by large firms of solicitors, which see them rather like private companies listed on the Stock Exchange; they give to the large solicitor firms and to partners in large practices the opportunity to sell out with large advantage to themselves. Of course, when it comes to the countryside and to rural areas, it may very well be that an alternative business structure from some large organisation—in the past we have talked about supermarkets—could put out of business those firms of solicitors that provide a very significant service to their community and are part and parcel of that community.
	Amendment No. 19A, therefore, is designed to clarify Amendment No. 19, which, of course, we welcome, but the government amendment simply requires the rules to have a provision that the licensing authority will take account of the objective of improving access to justice. That is a very broad statement. In Amendment No. 19A, I am trying to focus on the problem that I have outlined. I hope that some significant words of comfort will come from the Minister, which will be designed to make it absolutely clear what the government amendment is aimed at in particular. It may not be necessary for me to trouble your Lordships further. For the moment, I beg to move.
	Moved, as an amendment to the Motion that this House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 19, at end insert "but do propose Amendment No. 19A as an amendment to Commons Amendment No. 19".—(Lord Thomas of Gresford.)

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, is the noble Lord, Lord Neill of Bladen, speaking to this group?

Lord Neill of Bladen: My Lords, I shall be moving Amendment No. 72A, an amendment to Amendment No. 72, which is later in the Marshalled List, on page 9. It has been grouped with the amendment that the noble Lord, Lord Thomas, has spoken to. That is a rather odd grouping, if I am to be allowed to develop the nature of my amendment. In substance, my amendment is aimed at restoring the position in the Bill when it left this House—namely, that Part 5 of the Bill will not be put into operation until there has been a further inquiry and investigation by a committee with a report to both Houses. I would like to develop that at the appropriate moment.

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, there are two alternatives. As I understand it, the amendments are grouped together and the noble Lord may care to develop his arguments now. Alternatively, he can decide to degroup his amendment and we can consider it later. It is very much a matter for the noble Lord.

Lord Neill of Bladen: My Lords, my preference would be to degroup it because of its incongruity with the scope of the amendment of the noble Lord, Lord Thomas. I would like to consider at a later stage the amendment standing in my name.

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, that is very much in the noble Lord's hands. We must just ensure that we debate it when we reach it. Speaking for myself, I find that it is quite easy to lose track of what we are doing at this stage of a Bill.
	To respond to what I take to be the probing amendment of the noble Lord, Lord Thomas, I agree with everything that he said about access to justice. The noble Lord will know that I have responsibility within the Ministry of Justice for legal aid, which can perhaps be described as a friendly challenge at the moment. Clearly, from my point of view, I am concerned to ensure that there is provision throughout the country. I understand the points that he makes about rural areas. I have no doubt that we will have another opportunity to discuss legal aid, but I want the noble Lord to understand that I sympathise with his points.
	There is no question but that an integral element of access to justice is the availability of services, not just in theory but in practice. I reassure the noble Lord, Lord Thomas, that the effect on providers is covered by our access to justice amendment. It does not need separate provision. The effect on existing provision will need to be taken into account, for the sake not just of providers but of their clients and the need for access to justice. I am confident that the vast majority of applications will lead to improvement in these areas, improving access to justice as a result. The amendments that we are making to Clause 83 reinforce this by signalling the importance of access to justice in the alternative business structure context. I hope that that reassures the noble Lord.

Lord Thomas of Gresford: My Lords, I referred to the service provided by the high-street solicitor to the community. It is the community interest that concerns me most—people who, I recall, look to their local solicitor to provide them with a range of services on the various legal issues that arise in their life. I have those people in mind, but I am reassured by the noble Lord's words and beg leave to withdraw my amendment.

Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
	On Question, Motion agreed to.
	Page 48, line 24, leave out paragraph (e)

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that this House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 20 to 38.

Moved accordingly, and, on Question, Motion agreed to.
	Clause 133, page 68, line 42, leave out paragraph (i)

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that this House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 39 to 46. This group of amendments relates to the OLC's power to make rules on charges payable by respondents. I know that this has been the subject of considerable concern. It is known as the "polluter pays". I understand noble Lords' concerns about the original position. While these amendments reverse amendments made in this House, they represent a sensible outcome. They will improve the Bill for blameless respondents to complaints. I hope that the overwhelming majority of honest and competent lawyers will be reassured by these changes. They encompass government amendments and two amendments moved by the honourable Member for Somerton and Frome at Report in the other place. I beg to move.
	Moved, That this House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 39 to 46.—(Lord Hunt of Kings Heath.)

Lord Kingsland: rose to move, as an amendment to the Motion that this House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 39 to 46, leave out "agree" and insert "disagree".

Lord Kingsland: This matter can be dealt with exceedingly succinctly. The purpose of my tabling these amendments is to ask the Minister whether he is confident that what I take to be, essentially, Amendment No. 41 on the Marshalled List, which was included in the Commons amendments on Report, provides everything that the Bill as amended by the Lords provided on the polluter pays matter. I want to be confident that that part of the Bill that has come back to us on the polluter pays achieves everything that our successful amendment achieved. I beg to move.
	Moved, as an amendment to the Motion that this House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 39 to 46, leave out "agree" and insert "disagree".—(Lord Kingsland.)

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, the answer is yes.

Lord Kingsland: My Lords, I am much obliged. I pay particular tribute to the Minister because, as he is well aware, of all the issues that concerned your Lordships' House on the Bill, this was perhaps the most important. I wish to pay the Government a handsome compliment. Thank you very much, indeed—in particular, I thank the Minister.

Lord Thomas of Gresford: My Lords, would the noble Lord also like to compliment the honourable Member for Somerton and Frome, whose amendment was accepted by the Government and achieved the result that he had sought in this House?

Lord Kingsland: Of course, my Lords. I beg leave to withdraw the amendment.

Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
	On Question, Motion agreed to.
	Page 72, line 32, leave out "20,000" and insert "30,000"

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 47. I shall speak also to Amendment No. 49. These amendments seek to address cross-party concerns expressed both in this House and the other place that certain provisions in Part 6 fail adequately to protect the interests of legal services consumers.
	In relation to Amendment No. 47 the Government listened carefully to concerns that the former redress limit would needlessly exclude a significant number of complaints. As a result, the amendment will increase the redress limit from £20,000 to £30,000. As noble Lords will recall, there was debate on the redress limit when the Bill was last in this House. There was also much debate in another place. The amendment seeks to address the arguments made during the Bill's passage.
	At one stage a figure of £100,000 was proposed to the highest level. We have resisted that for three main reasons. First, because £20,000 is higher than any award available under the current legal complaints handling arrangements; secondly, because the average awards made under the existing arrangements by the Law Society and the Bar Council are around £450; and, thirdly, because the Bill provides for the board, the OLC or the consumer panel to recommend an increase in the limit at any time. The Lord Chancellor does not to have to wait for such recommendation, but is able to ask any of those bodies to consider whether to make such a recommendation.
	We know that the ombudsman for estate agents may award up to £25,000. I could not claim that I have absolute scientific evidence to suggest that £30,000 is exactly the right figure. It moves on the original figure, and I hope that noble Lords will agree that this is a sensible outcome.
	Amendment No. 49 relates to an ombudsman's obligation to refer a complaint to the relevant approved regulator when they take the view that the complaint may raise disciplinary issues. While ombudsmen are empowered to deal with redress, approved regulators, such as the Bar Council and the Law Society, will continue to deal with any disciplinary issues.
	In circumstances where an ombudsman refers a complaint, this amendment will place a further obligation on ombudsmen to inform the complainant that their complaint has been referred to an approved regulator. Following a referral, an ombudsman will be able to continue to determine the complainant's eligibility for redress.
	The intention here is to enable a complainant to follow the disciplinary action taken against their lawyer. This amendment will provide important reassurance to consumers who may want to know that their lawyer will be appropriately disciplined for professional misconduct.
	Moved, That the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 47.—(Lord Hunt of Kings Heath.)

On Question, Motion agreed to.
	Page 75, line 27, leave out Clause 143

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 48.

Moved accordingly, and, on Question, Motion agreed to.
	Page 76, line 16, at end insert-
	"(2A) The ombudsman must give the complainant a notice stating that a report under subsection (2) has been given to the relevant authorising body."

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 49 to 71.

Moved accordingly, and, on Question, Motion agreed to.
	Page 120, line 5, leave out from "Chancellor" to end of line 24

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 72.
	Moved, That the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 72.—(Lord Hunt of Kings Heath.)

Lord Neill of Bladen: rose to move, as an amendment to the Motion that this House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment 72, leave out "agree" and insert "disagree".

Lord Neill of Bladen: The amendment would restore to the Bill a provision that was agreed here on more than one occasion by votes; namely that Part 5 should not be brought into operation without further examination and report.
	I should place it on the record that I was a member of the Joint Committee that considered the Bill. When I heard the Minister say that he was coming fresh to it, I rather envied him. Over the past 18 months, I seem to have done little else but think about the Legal Services Bill. Following the evidence that we managed to put together under the chairmanship of the noble Lord, Lord Hunt of Wirral, on that committee, I took the view that a case had not been made for why the extraordinarily wide provisions in Part 5 were necessary. We are talking about lawyers getting together with all sorts of other professions in various possible permutations of professional organisations. Over and above that, there is the possibility of funding by outside people and ownership by outsiders who would have no legal or other professional qualification whatever. That was an alarming prospect. The amendment would ensure that that did not happen until the matter had been reviewed.
	One of the main concerns has been talked about earlier today; the noble Lord, Lord Thomas of Gresford, mentioned it. A good deal of evidence came out in Committee in your Lordships' House of the anxiety about the effect of Part 5 on access to justice. The note that struck a chord with everyone concerned what would happen to a couple of high-street solicitors in a small town if a bigger legal enterprise decided to open a wider partnership that involved all sorts of things in addition to law. No work that we could detect had been done on the social consequences of that policy.
	The most potent spokesman for that anxiety was the former Lord Chief Justice, my noble and learned friend Lord Woolf. He said that devastating consequences could follow from the introduction of Part 5 unless people were aware of what they might be. The House heard contributions from other parts of the country. Wales was singled out and the Midlands and the north were mentioned by Members of this House who were able to relate personal conversations that they had had with local solicitors and others reflecting considerable concern about the effect of the Bill if enacted.
	Another disturbing aspect came from the foreign legal profession. The German Federal Bar, the BRAK, has a large association that represents about 100,000 members. It wrote to the committee saying, "We put you on notice that no German lawyer would be allowed to have anything to do with a firm that is organised in the way envisaged or made possible by the Bill", with outside shareholders and so forth. It would be regarded by the German legal profession and German law as totally unprofessional to be associated with any such body. That was in just one country. We made no inquiry into any other countries.
	Noble Lords may recall a story. One of our protests in the report, which was made by the chairman, the noble Lord, Lord Hunt, was that we were given only four weeks from start to finish to produce a report. The amount of independent inquiry that we could make was virtually zero—we got together just a few home witnesses.
	The amendment that I introduced in the Lords in the spring was voted on with big support from the opposition parties and found a place on the statute book. It called for a delay and a detailed report investigating the access to justice matter and the views of the foreign legal profession, so that we would have some feel for whether we were doing something wholly bizarre, avant-garde or rather good. That amendment was carried by the House. It was struck out at a very early stage in the other place; I did not follow it thereafter, but it did not surface again. We got the Bill back on Tuesday morning and we find that the provision about delay is no longer there. I therefore tabled this amendment to restore the position to where I believe it ought to be.
	I am not, as it were, trading assurances, but the minimum I want to hear the Minister say, if he is able to do so, is that this matter will be kept under close review; that, having got the Bill through, the Government will not close their eyes to the effect; that they will watch the economic effect in various parts of the country with an open mind; and that they will report back if there is information which shows that the fears I have expressed are correct. One would also hope that during the next five years, the Government would have better information on the attitude of foreign countries to the experiments taking place in this country. As I say, that is the minimum.
	I wait to hear what any other Members of the House have to say. I do not know whether your Lordships require me to read out the detail of the proposal. In essence, it was that there should be a wide-ranging report by an independent body, which should be brought back to both Houses for discussion and voting on before Part 5 is introduced. That is the guts of it. I beg to move.
	Moved, as an amendment to the Motion that this House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 72, leave out "agree" and insert "disagree".—(Lord Neill of Bladen.)

Lord Thomas of Gresford: My Lords, we on these Benches very much support the noble Lord in this amendment. He is not suggesting that alternative business structures should be banned for ever, but that there should be a proper investigation of their efficacy and, in particular, whether they are in the public interest—the consumer interest—that this Bill is supposed to be about. A number of groups will benefit from alternative business structures. I have already referred to it in my earlier remarks on the amendment which I moved. It is in the interests of large, commercial firms of solicitors to have additional capital and arms to their businesses. Since it is very influential, it is no surprise that the Law Society is not objecting to alternative business structures.
	It is also in the interests of commercial organisations which are not legal, which can add a legal arm to their activities nationwide. It may be a supermarket, an insurance company or possibly a building society which could have within its organisation an office with a salaried lawyer who is creaming off the best of the business such as he decides to deal with away from solicitors who are providing a wider service. That is the issue.
	I am not surprised that this Government are supporting the fat cats of the legal profession, but they might take into consideration the people who are working in the community interest in rural areas who will be badly affected by the Bill. I very much support a wider investigation of the merits of the schemes.

Lord Kingsland: My Lords, I agree with the noble Lords, Lord Neill of Bladen and Lord Thomas of Gresford, that, by a very large margin, the most important factor that ought to be taken into account in relation to Part 5 is the potentially adverse social consequence of its implementation without very close monitoring of the geographical impact of the arrangements. I know that the Government understand that, but I am not confident—I may be after the noble Lord speaks—that they have made sufficient provision for that, although their acceptance of the amendment on access to justice is very important.
	The wider picture is equally troublesome. The noble Lord, Lord Neill of Bladen, made an observation about the international consequences of Part 5. He has rightly quoted the serious concerns expressed by the German equivalent of the Law Society. I know, as many others do, that there are also serious concerns about this in the American Bar Association. We face a possibility—to put it no higher—that firms licensed under Part 5 may not be able to sell their services out of the United Kingdom into these countries.
	There are particular considerations about outside share ownership and multi-disciplinary partnerships which have been severely under-researched by the Government. For example, the measures to identify who owns or who might own a particular firm of solicitors need to comprise much more sophisticated ways of identification. It may be that the ultimate owner of a legal services firm will be someone against whom that firm is at that moment litigating. It may be the intention of this, as yet, unknown owner to compromise that litigation in the favour of another interest. Is the Minister really confident that the ownership provisions can satisfactorily identify someone who buys a solicitor's firm with that intention?
	What about the manner in which a solicitor's firm is bought? From reading our newspapers, we know about the private equity industry. Quite often, private equity companies buy other firms, largely by the issue of debt against the assets of the target. Supposing a private equity firm comes along and buys a solicitor's firm issuing 90 per cent plus of debt to buy the firm. The future performance of that solicitor's firm will depend enormously on its cash flow. What pressures will the outside shareholder exercise on the lawyers in that firm to make sure that that cash flow is forthcoming to pay off the debt? There seems to be nothing to control the way in which the financial structures of these firms ought to be regulated. For example, should the licensing authority have rules about the debt equity ratio of solicitor's companies that are bought?
	I see no evidence that the Government seriously considered the Enron factor in relation to multi-disciplinary practices or cross-selling by different professions which form part of one firm. I know that the noble Lord will be familiar with the problem; it has been talked about to a considerable degree in the proceedings on this Bill in your Lordships' House and I do not intend to elaborate on it.
	To some extent, I am reassured that we have until 1911 before these—

A noble Lord: 2011!

Lord Kingsland: My Lords, I do apologise. It shows what this Bill has been doing to me for the past 10 months. We have until 211—

A noble Lord: 2011—it's not a Roman Government either.

Lord Kingsland: My Lords, allow me to compose myself before I continue. Once the Bill becomes an Act, the matter will be entirely in the hands of the Legal Services Board. From the moment the Bill becomes law, the Government will not be able to intervene. How will they be confident that the Legal Services Board will take these issues seriously, which I think is what lies behind the intervention made by the noble Lord, Lord Neill of Bladen? He wants to be confident that the Legal Services Board will investigate all these matters before 2011.
	Although we on these Benches supported the sunrise clause at an earlier stage, we are hesitant about supporting it again this late, provided the Government can give us some real assurance that these issues will be properly confronted and dealt with between now and 2011. Otherwise, the consequences could be dire.

Lord Mackay of Clashfern: My Lords, I would be glad if the Minister could tell us what the Government know about the situation in other member states—Germany has been referred to—and of course the United States. Are there any legal impediments in those countries to lawyers using this kind of structure?

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, this has been a short but extremely interesting debate and I am grateful to the noble Lord, Lord Neill, for allowing us to discuss the matter. Perhaps I may say that he looks as lively and fresh as ever while bringing this issue back to our attention, and the challenge is for me to assure the House that with the implementation of the Bill, particularly alternative business structures, there will be monitoring and evaluation. There has been an element of a Second Reading debate on the principle of ABS and I shall not go down that path too far, but I should say that the Government do not believe that this is about responding to fat cats who want to make a lot of money; rather it is about ensuring that the public will benefit. We think that there are real advantages in enabling firms to offer a mix of legal and other services. ABS will bring innovation and new ideas to firms, including dealing with some of the challenges described by the noble Lord, Lord Thomas of Gresford, for rural practices. I shall say again that as the Minister responsible for legal aid, I am as concerned as anyone in the House to ensure that there is adequate, good quality coverage throughout the country. The structures that ABS will bring in will allow for that to happen.
	Before I turn to the questions of research and the sunrise clause, we think that the Bill contains safeguards to prevent improper influence by non-lawyer owners and managers as a result of commercial pressures such as debt. Under Clause 90, non-lawyers are expressly prohibited from causing lawyers to breach their professional conduct duties, such as acting in the best interests of their clients, and lawyers are under a statutory duty to comply with professional conduct rules. On certainty over ownership, my advice is that the provisions in the Bill are robust, having been modelled on the provisions that are effective in the financial services sector. On the question of shareholder influence, lawyers' professional conduct duties are fully protected. As I have said, non-lawyers, shareholders, managers and employers are prohibited from causing breaches of lawyers' duties, and can be disciplined or even prohibited from future involvement in alternative business structures if they violate the prohibition.
	The noble Lord, Lord Neill, asked about the attitude adopted in other countries. I do not have information about whether ABS structures are used in other member states, but the main point to make is that ABS is facilitative. If similar structures are not allowed elsewhere, ABS firms based in this country will need to take account of that when considering whether to expand abroad. If there is a problem, they can set up alternative organisations that comply with local rules. However, on the substantive point, my understanding is that there are no international laws or obligations which make the regulatory framework we are proposing incompatible with them.
	Just in time, I understand that legal services providers in New South Wales have been permitted to incorporate and provide legal services to clients either alone or alongside other service providers who may or may not be legal services providers, and other Australian states are apparently following the lead of New South Wales. It is not often that I quote Australia as an example of good practice, but on this occasion I do so.
	I can reassure the House that the Legal Services Board has a duty to report annually on how it has met the regulatory objectives, as well as approving and monitoring licensing authorities' policy statements. Clause 110 adds a specific requirement that the annual report must address the effect of ABS activity on the regulatory objectives. So there will be full scrutiny of the development of alternative business structures. I know that noble Lords will want this matter to be kept under full review, and the statutory provision making it the duty of the Legal Services Board to report annually will ensure that this is done. The noble Lord, Lord Neill, has asked me to say that ABS will be kept under close review, their economic effects monitored, and that there will be reports. I am happy to give an assurance that all that will be undertaken, and I hope that with it, the noble Lord will not press his amendment. To do so would unnecessarily fetter the development of these structures and the services they can offer when the provisions of the Bill come into force. However, I fully accept his challenge on the need to ensure that we keep this issue under review.

Lord Neill of Bladen: My Lords, I thank the Minister for that reply. I have to confess that I am not wholly reassured. On the foreign dimension raised by the noble and learned Lord, Lord Mackay of Clashfern, I read into the Minister's answer—perhaps too cynically—that there has been a total lack of interest in the situation in other countries. The only example he has been able to come up with is that of New South Wales. It would be odd if the Dutch fully approved of what the Germans disapprove of, or odd that the French are perfectly happy with these proposals and would like to have partnerships of this sort. I feel that his attitude towards this information confirms a lack of diligence in relation to the gravity of the situation, one that has been fully flagged up here over a number of months. At the risk of being recalcitrant, I should like to test the opinion of the House.

On Question, Whether the said amendment (No. 72A) shall be agreed to?
	Their Lordships divided: Contents, 70; Not-Contents, 121.

Resolved in the negative, and amendment disagreed to accordingly.
	On Question, Motion agreed to.
	Page 120, line 37, leave out subsection (2)

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 73. It is the privilege amendment.
	Moved, That the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 73.—(Lord Hunt of Kings Heath.)

On Question, Motion agreed to.
	Schedule 1, Page 121, line 6, leave out "with the concurrence of the Lord Chief Justice"
	Page 121, line 10, leave out "with the concurrence of the Lord Chief Justice"
	Page 121, line 12, at end insert-
	"( ) Before appointing an ordinary member, the Lord Chancellor must consult the Lord Chief Justice."
	Page 121, line 16, leave out "and Lord Chief Justice"

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 74 to 77. I shall speak also to Commons Amendments Nos. 81 to 88.
	I now introduce amendments made in the other place which deal with appointments to and dismissals from the Legal Services Board. This is an important question and I have no doubt we will have a good debate. It goes to the heart of the independence of the legal profession and, quite rightly, this part of the Bill has been the subject of a great deal of scrutiny and debate at almost every stage of the Bill's passage.
	I have no doubt whatever that the Lord Chief Justice will add a great deal to the process of appointments. He is a man of the utmost integrity, independence and experience, and these attributes will be invaluable when making appointments to the board.
	The Government also wish to highlight the importance of adherence to best practice in making public appointments and the importance of the external oversight and regulation which is exercised by the Commissioner for Public Appointments. This provides an assurance that proper procedures have been followed and that appointments will not only be made transparently and independently but that those making such appointments are fully and properly accountable to Parliament. That is why we amended the Bill so that the Lord Chancellor must consult the Lord Chief Justice on appointments and removals. We think that gets the balance right and that we have achieved the best of both worlds: the contribution of the Lord Chief Justice on the one hand and the need to ensure adherence to best practice in making public appointments on the other. We ensure that appointments and dismissals benefit from both of those attributes, and—it is important to stress this—that the code of practice of the Commission for Public Appointments says that public appointments should be made fully by Ministers. That ensures an accountability to Parliament that could not otherwise be replicated if someone other than a Minister had an effective veto on appointments.
	I think it will be helpful if at this stage I outline how the Lord Chief Justice is to be consulted. My ministerial colleague, Bridget Prentice, has written to the Lord Chief Justice to consult him on the process we are undertaking for the appointment of the chair of the board. She will write again shortly with respect to other members of the board. The consultation focused on the criteria against which candidates for the position of chair are judged, and the Lord Chief Justice was asked to look at the draft specifications for the chair of the board. He was invited to comment on the process we are undertaking, including the composition of the appointments panel and how we will be carrying out the campaign in line with the OCPA guidance. The Lord Chief Justice was also invited to suggest names of potential candidates the recruitment consultants may wish to contact. I understand he will be discussing that information with the Judicial Executive Board before writing back to my ministerial colleague.
	The Government have already given an assurance in the other place that it is entirely a matter for the Lord Chief Justice to decide whether he makes public any disagreement with the Lord Chancellor over the appointment of the chair and members of the board. So far as the Government are concerned, that will not only extend the consultation about the person to be appointed but will also embrace the arrangements for the process leading up to it.
	I thought it would be helpful to describe how the Lord Chief Justice is to be consulted. I hope I have identified that this is a serious consultation where the weight of the Lord Chief Justice's views will be given the consideration it undoubtedly deserves.
	Moved, That the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 74 to 77.—(Lord Hunt of Kings Heath.)

Lord Neill of Bladen: rose to move, as an amendment to the Motion that this House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 74A to 77A, leave out "agree" and insert "disagree".

Lord Neill of Bladen: My Lords, I shall speak to Amendments Nos. 81A to 88A as well as these amendments, since exactly the same point applies to all of them. I was glad to hear the Minister say what importance is attached to the office of the Lord Chief Justice and his view. We want to take that one stage further and restore the matter to where it was agreed in this House earlier this year. We want to see a requirement in the Bill for the concurrence of the Lord Chief Justice in the appointment or removal of top officials such as the head of the LSB. Any law student will know that consultation is not enough—you can consult, and comply with, the decision of Mr Justice Webster in 1986 in a case reported in all the textbooks, but you are free to disregard anything he may say.
	As for the suggestion, which I had not really heard on the Floor of the House until today, that the Lord Chief Justice might publicly comment on the rejection of his advice, I find that a most extraordinary situation. You can just imagine that the Lord Chief Justice might happen to have information known to him personally about the character of a person proposed to be elected. Is it seriously supposed that he could write a public document saying, "My reasons for objecting were as follows"? It cannot be done in that way.

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I believe this matter was raised in another place. The question was asked whether the Lord Chief Justice could make it known that the Lord Chancellor had decided not to accept his advice. The assurance was given that it would be a matter for the Lord Chief Justice's own judgment. That is all that is meant by that.

Lord Neill of Bladen: My Lords, I have said sufficient on that point. I move that we restore the text in Amendment No. 74 and in the other 10 or 12 passages where the very same point arises, and that we require the concurrence of the Lord Chief Justice in these various appointments and removals from office.
	Moved, as an amendment to the Motion that this House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 74A to 77A, leave out "agree" and insert "disagree".—(Lord Neill of Bladen.)

Lord Bach: My Lords, like the noble Lord, Lord Neill, I am an old lag at this exercise. Along with the noble Lord, Lord Hunt of Wirral, who chaired the draft Bill committee so well, I have been more or less involved with the Bill since that time. In general I find it difficult to disagree with the noble Lord, Lord Neill of Bladen, because he speaks such good sense, but on this issue I hope I have the benefit of consistency of having always argued that what the Government have come up with now—in other words, the consulting of the Lord Chief Justice—is what was proposed by the draft Bill committee after a close vote and recommended by Clementi himself. It also now has the support of the Bar Council and the Law Society, as well as the support of the House of Commons.
	At Second Reading in this House—now almost 11 months ago—the noble Lord, Lord Hunt of Wirral, was kind when he said:
	"The Legal Services Board must not only be independent, it must be seen to be independent. Sir David Clementi made this one of the key points in his excellent report. I have to say in support of the noble Lord, Lord Bach, that the Select Committee sought to "Clementi-ise" the Bill because we agreed with so much of Sir David's report, particularly where the Government had departed from the original recommendations"—
	which they had, at that time. The noble Lord continued:
	"Sir David said: 'Given the need for independence, and the objective of the rule of law, it seems right that the judiciary should be involved in the appointment ... The proposal of this Review is that the appointment of the Chairman and Chief Executive should be made by the Secretary of State in consultation with a senior member of the judiciary'. The noble Lord, Lord Bach, moved an amendment to the original report which stated that provision should be made for the Secretary of State to make the appointment in consultation with the Lord Chief Justice. That very much follows what Sir David recommended. I hope that the Government will think again on that issue".—[Official Report, 6/12/06; col. 1180.]
	They have thought again on the issue, hence the amendment my noble friend has just moved. The amendment makes a lot of sense, not least for the reason just stated by my noble friend and referred to in the speech of my noble friend Lady Henig at Second Reading, when she talked about the experience she had had in the way current Secretary of State appointments were handled according to Nolan rules and in strict accordance with the Office of the Commissioner for Public Appointments code of practice. That, she argued, should remove any apprehensions about the suitability, qualifications or independence of the chair or members of the new board. Under the proposal Nolan rules would apply, which is an important factor.
	These arguments have been well rehearsed, so I will not go into them all over again, but it is important that the House realise that the views of the Bar Council and the Law Society have changed on this issue. I am not arguing for a moment that they are brilliantly excited by the idea of consulting; they both say they would have preferred what this House agreed on Report. However, it is right that House should know their view, which, in the case of the Bar Council, is:
	"The Bar Council ... supports amendments which have been tabled by the Government for consideration by the Commons at Report stage as follows:
	"(1) - to require the Lord Chancellor to consult the Lord Chief Justice about appointments to, and dismissals from, the Legal Services Board (LSB). We shared the preference of the House of Lords for a requirement for the concurrence of the Lord Chief Justice, but the Lords' amendments were reversed in committee in the Commons. However, provided the views of the Lord Chief Justice are publishable, we believe that the Government's amendments tabled for Commons' Report will provide appropriate transparency and accountability in relation to these public appointments and address concerns which have been raised, especially by overseas lawyers ... that the board is sufficiently independent of the Executive. Although we believe that consultation in a UK democracy should adequately preserve the independent regulation of the legal profession, we are looking for an assurance from the Government that the Lord Chief Justice's views will be publicly available to underpin this consultation".
	My noble friend was attempting in his amendment precisely to satisfy what the Bar Council had, after due thought, considered it wanted.
	Likewise, the Law Society makes it clear that it,
	"preferred the requirement in the Bill as passed by the House of Lords ... But we recognise that the Government has come a long way on this issue".
	I stress how far I believe they have come. It continues:
	"When the Bill was introduced to Parliament, the Lord Chief Justice had no statutory role at all, and appointments were to be made by the Secretary of State, rather than the Lord Chancellor. The Government's agreement to transfer responsibility to the Lord Chancellor, with his particular responsibility for upholding the rule of law, and to entrench that in legislation was a welcome development. So too is the acceptance that the Lord Chief Justice should have a formal role, albeit only a consultative one".

Viscount Bledisloe: My Lords, will the noble Lord enlighten me—I am genuinely seeking information? He speaks as though, throughout the new system proposed by the other place, the Lord Chief Justice should be consulted. As I read the Marshalled List, the only amendment that would have him consulted is Amendment No. 76, which relates only to the appointment of an ordinary member. Is the noble Lord saying that it states somewhere that he has to be consulted about everything—in which case, I have not seen it—or are the Government saying merely, "Oh, well, of course, we would mean to consult him."?

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, perhaps I may help the House, because the amendment states:
	"Before appointing an ordinary member, the Lord Chancellor must consult the Lord Chief Justice".
	That is in Schedule 1, which states:
	"In this Schedule a reference to an 'ordinary member' is a reference to a member of the Board other than the Chief Executive".
	It would therefore cover the chair.

Viscount Bledisloe: My Lords, in all the other places where the concurrence of, or some participation by, the Lord Chief Justice has been taken out, he is out completely. The only mention of him in the Bill is in connection with his having to be consulted before an ordinary member is appointed. From all the other places where he had been put in previously, he has been taken out completely. Is that not so?

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: Not entirely, my Lords, because the amendment to paragraph 7(6) to the schedule states:
	"Before removing any ordinary member ... under sub-paragraph (1)(b), the Lord Chancellor must consult the Lord Chief Justice".
	I hope that the amendment covers that point.

Viscount Bledisloe: My Lords, so he is involved only in two small places, but nowhere else.

Lord Bach: My Lords, I am delighted that the noble Viscount interrupted me, because I had been going on much too long. The Law Society and the Bar Council have both come round to the same view as the Government, which is that, in this instance, consultation is appropriate. The House should bear that in mind when it decides whether to go against the vote of the House of Commons on this issue.

Lord Kingsland: My Lords, the House has debated this matter on many occasions and very fully. I shall try to be telegraphic in my observations. It seems to me, as it has to many other of your Lordships, that the key to this issue is the relationship between the judiciary and the legal profession.
	The independence of the judiciary can be maintained only if the legal profession that appears before it is itself independent. That is true, particularly, in our adversarial system. Judges rely on lawyers being completely honest about the state of the case as they know it. If they did not, the decisions of judges would not be independent. It is equally true that the independence of the legal profession is protected by the judges. Advocates know that they can speak freely in front of judges. Judges protect advocates from Ministers. Many Ministers have attacked members of the legal profession during the past two years—I do not think that the Minister can be in any doubt of that. The legal profession can continue confidently and independently because it has the support of the judiciary.
	There is no conflict between the consumer and an independent legal profession. It must be in the interests of the client of a lawyer that that lawyer is independent of the Executive. What is wrong with the Bill is that the person who decides who is to become a member of the Legal Services Board is an elected Minister in another place, subject to the party Whip, who does not need even to be a lawyer—in saying that, I do not cast any aspersions on the right honourable gentleman the Secretary of State for Justice. However, that is a fact. Even on the assumption that he will take his decisions fearlessly, will he be perceived as doing so? That is just as important as the fact on the ground.
	Why were the Government so assiduous in making sure that there was a Judicial Appointments Commission to choose judges, which had nothing whatever to do with the Executive, but have taken quite the opposite approach to the selection of members of the Legal Services Board? Surely the logic of the independence of the legal profession and the judiciary must lead one to conclude that one needs a system of selection for members of the Legal Services Board that is equally as objective as that for members of the judiciary.
	I am grateful to the Minister for having moved in our direction; but I do not find the detail of what he said about consultation sufficiently convincing to change my view about the way I shall vote tonight if the noble Lord, Lord Neill of Bladen, presses his amendment.

Viscount Bledisloe: My Lords, we are considering an amendment to paragraph 1(1)(a) of Schedule 1, which states,
	"a chairman appointed by the Lord Chancellor with the concurrence of the Lord Chief Justice".
	The amendment removes the concurrence of the Lord Chief Justice completely and there is no provision even for consultation on the topic. The chairman will be appointed without the Lord Chief Justice having any right to be consulted at all. I see the Minister shaking his head. Have I got it wrong?

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I can only repeat what I said earlier. The amendment to the schedule states:
	"Before appointing an ordinary member, the Lord Chancellor must consult the Lord Chief Justice".
	An "ordinary member" refers to all the members, including the chair, other than the paid professional chief executive.

Viscount Bledisloe: My Lords, it does not include the selection of the chairman.

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, it does, it really does.

Viscount Bledisloe: My Lords, I do not think that is right. He may well be an ordinary member, but you can appoint an ordinary member and then appoint him as a chairman. It does not require the state of appointing him to be a chairman to have any concurrence at all. You have on the board a very amiable, ordinary member, who is appointed with the concurrence of the Lord Chief Justice. The chairman dies, for example, and the new appointment is made without even the Lord Chief Justice being asked. Is that not right?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, we seem to have staggered into an interrogative stage of the Bill, which I cannot recognise. We are dealing with Commons amendments. Speeches are in order but series of questions to which various Members of the House including the Minister might feel obliged to answer is not in order. So can we get on with speeches and the Minister replying?

Lord Thomas of Gresford: My Lords, I therefore on behalf of these Benches say that we fully support the amendment. I entirely accept everything that the noble Lords, Lord Neill and Lord Kingsland, have said. The noble Lord, Lord Bach, referred to the Bar Council's position. The Bar Council supports the Government's consultation provision only if what the Lord Chief Justice says is publishable, but I cannot imagine the circumstances in which it could be publishable. Let us say that the Lord Chief Justice on consultation has said that X should not be appointed and the Government disagree. In those circumstances, the reasons why the Lord Chief Justice came to his conclusion would surely not in the public interest be put into the public domain. I think that the Bar Council has overlooked that point. We give the noble Lord's amendment the fullest support.

Lord Whitty: My Lords, I was not intending to intervene in this debate because, as veterans of the debate will know, it got a bit heated the last time. I do not intend to raise the temperature too much but, having seen the support for the amendment tabled by the noble Lord, Lord Neill, I am a bit surprised. I had assumed that the amendment carried in the Commons was a reasonable and workable compromise, as my noble friend Lord Bach explained. If it is not an acceptable compromise, I have to register an alternative point of view. I opposed any specific reference to the Lord Chief Justice on the grounds that to the consumer of legal services that would appear not to be independent. In other words, the independence of the board is at stake here, rather than the independence of the profession. I do not think that any method of appointment is a threat to the independence of the profession.
	Therefore, with some unease, I have been prepared to accept the Commons amendment that specifically refers to the Lord Chief Justice being consulted—and I am grateful to the Minister for explaining how that works. If you substitute concurrence, as the Minister implied, you automatically raise the possibility of a veto, which undermines the credibility of the board to the general public and the consumers of the services of the legal profession. If I did not do so at the beginning, I declare my interest as chair of the National Consumer Council.
	I am surprised at the noble Lord, Lord Neill, who has done so much to establish the public appointments system as a credible, defensible and independent way in which to get public appointments. In this context—in the one situation in which he and other noble Lords who supported his amendment suggest that the regulation of the legal profession does not apply—we institute a special equivalent role giving concurrence to the Lord Chief Justice. That is not defensible; it would not give any credibility to this approach and it might well undermine credibility in the eyes of those people who want to see the Bill as a way in which to improve legal services and the performance of the profession.
	I am sorry to introduce a slightly discordant note on this but, if the Minister is going to reply, he needs to understand that there are those of us who recognise that this is a compromise. It is a compromise from my position and I hope that those who took the equivalent opposite view would recognise that the Commons has presented us with a compromise position, which I believe to be workable.

Lord Neill of Bladen: My Lords, I wish to test the opinion of the House.

On Question, Whether the said amendments (Nos. 74A to 77A) shall be agreed to?
	Their Lordships divided: Contents, 142; Not-Contents, 119.

Resolved in the affirmative, and amendments agreed to accordingly.
	Page 121, line 19, leave out "first"

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 78.
	As noble Lords will know, the Bill, as originally drafted and approved in this House, called for the first chair of the board to be a lay person—someone who has never been a lawyer under the definition in paragraph 2(4) of Schedule 1. The Government's rationale for that was informed in large part by the observations made by Sir David Clementi in his report. He made it quite clear that the current system is flawed and that consumers cannot have confidence in a system where the same people who represent the views of the legal profession are also regulating the profession. Requiring the first chairman to be lay ensures that the oversight of the new regime is spearheaded by someone who is not tied up with the profession and can take an independent and fresh look at how that regulation should be achieved.
	Questions, however, were asked in the other place as to why only the first chairman should be subject to this requirement, and there were persuasive arguments why all chairs of the board should be lay. There has been a lack of consumer confidence in the way that some complaints against lawyers have been handled. I know, as Members of your Lordships' House know, that the great majority of lawyers do a thoroughly good and professional job. They should have nothing to fear from a lay chair, and they will benefit from the enhanced consumer confidence that this brings.
	Having considered very carefully the arguments put forward both in the other place and by consumer bodies, and having taken into account the largely neutral views of the legal professions, the Government supported an amendment in the other place that all chairs of the board should be lay. We think that that sends the right signal, but I stress that it does not mean that the views of the profession will be ignored. The Bill provides for a board made up of both professional and lay members to ensure that all sides are represented by the best people for the job. That seems to me exactly the right balance. Professional members can represent up to half the board's constitution. Having carefully considered the overall balance and having listened to the views of Members in the other place, we think that the provision that the chair should always be lay is right. I beg to move.
	Moved, That the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 78.—(Lord Hunt of Kings Heath.)

Lord Kingsland: My Lords, I am not going to take this issue to the wire, partly because I know that I would not have the support of the Liberal Democrats but also because I see where the Government are coming from. However, I think that before they arrived, they took the wrong turning. The issue is not whether the board ought or ought not to have a lay chairman or a lawyer; the issue is how that person is selected. I entirely agree that if the legal profession played a role in selecting members of the Legal Services Board, there would be a serious question mark against a legislative proposal of that sort. However, to link what we are talking about now with the previous vote, we are suggesting that the judiciary are something quite different from the legal profession; and their involvement, far from being something that would undermine the independence of the board, would cement its independence. The notion that a lay chairman would make the board more independent is misplaced; what would make the board independent is that it is selected by an amalgamation of a Minister and a judge.

Lord Anderson of Swansea: My Lords, I hear what my noble friend said but I still seek a little clarification. I shall be brief. I declare an interest; although I have no intention of applying for a position chairing the board, my position may illustrate some of the problems. I qualified for the Bar very many years ago, in 1969. I practised intermittently during the 1970s and ceased when I first chaired a Select Committee in the other place, and I really have had no contact with the Bar, save for social purposes, for over 25 years. The assumption of the amendment in the other place is surely that somehow as a result I am tainted and cannot give an objective position.
	Certainly, the populist view against lawyers—although I did find it in the other place—is not something that I found reflected very widely when I was in the other place for 30 years. It is as if, by having qualified at some stage, however long one has remained away from the Bar, one is somehow tainted and cannot expunge from one's record what was a minor offence many years ago. Like a minor shoplifting offence, it is impossible to erase or expunge and therefore one's judgment necessarily cannot be objective. I have no personal interest or motive in seeking to chair this body, but I ask my noble friend to go a little along this way. Is it reasonable or is it just a populist revulsion to say that those who for many years have had no contact with the legal profession are still deemed for this purpose to be professional and are therefore excluded from consideration for the chair?

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I hear what my noble friend says. He certainly put the point with great clarity. I also hear what the noble Lord, Lord Kingsland, says, and I agree with him that in the end what is important is how the board goes about its business. He also said that if the amendment that has just been passed were to stay in the Bill, that in itself would provide more confidence in the independence of the judiciary. I understand that, although I disagree with him, because I believe that the balance that we had on consultation was right.
	This was a House of Commons view which is clearly supported by many Members in the other place. The Government would not wish to cast any aspersions whatever on a person who has previously practised the law or is a current practitioner of the law and say that they could not make a fine contribution as the chair. Ultimately, however, the other place has come to a view that, to ensure public confidence, it would wish the chair of the board to be lay always and for all time. There is very little that I can add to that.

On Question, Motion agreed to.
	Page 121, line 20, leave out "any subsequent" and insert "the"

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 79.
	Moved, That the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 79.—(Lord Hunt of Kings Heath.)
	Page 121, line 28, leave out "never" and insert "not within the previous 10 years""

Lord Kingsland: rose to move, as an amendment to the Motion that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 79, Amendment No. 79A.

Lord Kingsland: My Lords, I want to respond to what I think was said in my support, at least I read it as such, by the noble Lord, Lord Anderson, about how long it takes before the taint—I quote him, I do not accept it as a fact—of being a barrister or a solicitor is expunged to convert that professional person into a lay member. I respectfully submit that the period of 10 years that we suggest is quite sufficient.
	I was trying to think before we started today about an example of someone who we know very well, who qualified as a solicitor but went on to do other things, and whether that person might be suitable to be a member of the Legal Services Board. My analysis settled on the noble Lord, Lord Jones of Birmingham. I am told that the noble Lord started off his professional career as a solicitor, but left it behind long ago for lusher pastures. Do we not think that the offence of being a lawyer has by now been expunged by the noble Lord, Lord Jones of Birmingham; and that he would be a most suitable candidate, if his name was advanced, to be a member of the Legal Services Board? I beg to move.
	Moved, as an amendment to the Motion that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 79, Amendment No. 79A.—(Lord Kingsland.)

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, it is very tempting to debate the noble Lord, Lord Jones of Birmingham, particularly as I was not allowed to call myself Lord Hunt of Birmingham, and I never quite discovered how he got away with it. Equally, he was born in Kings Heath, and his final sin is that he supports Aston Villa rather than Birmingham City. Apart from that, he is a jolly good chap. I am sure that if he needed further work, he would have made a very good chair.
	I have answered the point already. I understand the noble Lord's point, which I believe was discussed sympathetically in your Lordships' House, but Members in another place took a different view. They took the view that because of the importance of the Legal Services Board and the importance of having public confidence in it, it would be better if the lay chair had been lay for all time. That is the matter in a nutshell.

Lord Kingsland: My Lords, the noble Lord knows full well that the lateness of the hour prevents me pressing this matter any further. I beg leave to withdraw the amendment.

Amendment No. 79A, as an amendment to Amendment No. 79, by leave, withdrawn.
	On Question, Motion agreed to.
	Page 122, line 7, after "conveyancer;" insert-
	"( ) granted a certificate issued by the Institute of Legal Executives authorising the person to practise as a legal executive;( ) a registered patent attorney, within the meaning given by section 275(1) of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48);( ) a registered trade mark attorney, within the meaning of the Trade Marks Act 1994 (c. 26);"

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 80.

Moved accordingly, and, on Question, Motion agreed to.
	Page 122, line 17, leave out "and Lord Chief Justice"
	Page 123, line 6, leave out "with the concurrence of the Lord Chief Justice"
	Page 123, line 8, leave out "and Lord Chief Justice"
	Page 123, line 11, leave out "and Lord Chief Justice are" and insert "is"
	Page 123, line 21, leave out sub-paragraph (5)
	Page 123, line 23, leave out "the Lord Chancellor and Lord Chief Justice remove" and insert "removing"
	Page 123, line 24, leave out from "member" to end of line 25 and insert "under sub-paragraph (1)(b), the Lord Chancellor must consult-
	(a) the Lord Chief Justice, and(b) if the ordinary member is not the chairman, the chairman."
	Page 123, line 26, leave out "and Lord Chief Justice"

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 81 to 88.
	Moved, That the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 81 to 88.—(Lord Hunt of Kings Heath.)

Lord Thomas of Gresford: My Lords, surely the noble Lord is not pressing amendments that have been defeated in principle?

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I need to move them, and then the noble Lord, Lord Neill, moves Amendments Nos. 81A to 88A, and we will regularise the position. I am advised that that is the best course of action to take.

Noble Lords: He is not here.

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I am sure that another noble Lord can move the amendments on his behalf.

Lord Kingsland: My Lords, on behalf of the noble Lord, Lord Neill of Bladen, I beg to move, as an amendment to the Motion that this House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 81 to 88, leave out "agree" and insert "disagree".

Moved accordingly, and, on Question, Motion agreed to.
	On Question, Motion, as amended, agreed to.
	Page 123, line 35, at end insert-
	" The terms of appointment of the chairman or any other ordinary member may provide for the Board to pay, or make payments towards the provision of, a pension, allowance or gratuity to or in respect of that person.
	If the Lord Chancellor thinks there are circumstances that make it right for a person ceasing to hold office as chairman or another ordinary member to receive compensation, the Board may pay that person such compensation as the Lord Chancellor may determine."

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 89 to 202.

Moved accordingly, and, on Question, Motion agreed to.
	Page 262, line 18, at end insert-
	"() After that subsection insert-
	"(1A) Where the Society makes rules under subsection (1), it must by rules under subsection (1)(c) prescribe the requirement that (subject to any exceptions provided by the rules) recognised bodies must not provide services other than-
	(a) solicitor services, or(b) solicitor services and other relevant legal services.
	(1B) "Relevant legal services" means-
	(a) solicitor services, and(b) where authorised persons other than solicitors or registered European lawyers are managers or employees of, or have an interest in, a recognised body, services of the kind provided by individuals practising as such authorised persons (whether or not those services involve the carrying on of reserved legal activities within the meaning of the Legal Services Act 2007).
	(1C) The Society may by rules under this section provide that services specified, or of a description specified, in the rules are not to be treated as solicitor services or other relevant legal services.""

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 203 to 214. I shall speak also to Amendments Nos. 221, 231, 235, 250, 252, 253 and 256.
	These are amendments to Schedule 16 to allow the Law Society to regulate limited forms of ABSs before Part 5 has been commenced. The amendments attracted much support in the other place and I hope they will prove equally popular in your Lordship's House. We have worked very closely with the Law Society on these amendments and will continue to work closely with it. I am very grateful to the Law Society for its help in this matter.
	We are also working closely with other regulatory bodies such as the Council for Licensed Conveyancers, the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents and the Institute for Trade Mark Attorneys to ensure that they have rules in place for regulating LDPs as soon as is practicable. We fully recognise the benefits to both consumers and the professions of allowing limited forms of ABSs, subject to stringent restrictions and safeguards, to emerge in advance of Part 5. Beyond that, noble Lords had argued for a stepped approach to Part 5. The arguments had great force and these amendments are intended in part as recognition of their force. I beg to move.
	Moved, That the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendment No. 203 to 214.

On Question, Motion agreed to.
	Page 269, line 23, after "of" insert "-
	(a) "

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do agree with the Commons in their Amendments Nos. 215 to 265.

Moved accordingly, and, on Question, Motion agreed to.

EU: Mental Health (EUC Report)

Baroness Thomas of Walliswood: rose to move that this House takes note of the report of the European Union Committee, Improving the Mental Health of the Population: Can the European Union help? (14th Report, HL Paper 73).

Baroness Thomas of Walliswood: My Lords, in January 2005 a conference of European health Ministers, convened at Helsinki by the World Health Organisation, issued a declaration acknowledging the fundamental importance of mental health and well-being to the quality of life and economic productivity of both families and nations. The European Commission was asked to support the WHO's initiative and, in October 2005, published a Green Paper, Promoting the Mental Health of the Population:Towards a Strategy on Mental Health for the European Union. This report is the Select Committee's response to that consultation.
	At the start, Sub-Committee G, which handled the inquiry on behalf of the Select Committee, was apprehensive about the task ahead. Written evidence seemed to suggest a wide role for the EU, whereas we were concerned to ensure that the role of member states, as the sole authority for health care delivery within their borders, was not overlooked. Members also felt a certain hesitation at taking on a subject matter as complicated as mental health and its treatment. However, once we started to take evidence, we realised, first, that the Commission was fully aware of the issue of subsidiarity and, secondly, that the European Union did have an acceptable basis for playing its part in improving the mental health of the population.
	The background to the Commission's consultation paper is the magnitude of the problem of mental health, or lack of mental well-being, across Europe. According to work published by independent researchers in the respected journal European Neuropsychopharmacology, about one in four adult Europeans suffers from some form of mental ill health in any one year. In this context, it is important to understand that mental ill health can range from such things as stress or depression—sometimes referred to as loss of mental well-being—to the most serious disorders requiring prolonged treatment in hospital or in the community. The costs arising from such a heavy incidence of ill health include the suicides of some 58,000 EU citizens every year and heavy economic costs relating to loss of output, the costs of medical care and a monetary valuation of the intangible human costs of disability, suffering and stress. The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health has estimated that these costs amount to £77 billion per annum in the UK, notwithstanding that the UK has a lesser incidence of mental illness than some other EU member states.
	A second problem is the stigma attached to those who suffer from mental illness who, unlike those with physical illness, may experience ridicule, prejudice and discrimination. An example of this stigma is the difficulty of re-entering employment after a bout of mental ill health. The UK Government's 2004 Social Exclusion Unit report, Mental Health and Social Exclusion, found that fewer than 40 per cent of employers would consider employing a person with a history of mental illness compared with more than 60 per cent who would employ somebody with a history of physical illness. The noble Baroness, Lady Neuberger, will deal with this aspect of the problem.
	At the same time, the treatment of patients with mental health problems is under examination across the EU and in many other parts of the world. Efforts are being made to treat patients in the community rather than in hospital, to examine, improve and extend the use of what are sometimes called the talking therapies, and to persuade the population at large to regard other people's mental illness in a more tolerant and understanding way. In the UK, relevant legislation was going through Parliament at the same time that Sub-Committee G was dealing with the Commission's consultation paper, and the noble Baroness, Lady Howarth, will, I hope, consider this interaction in her speech.
	Bearing in mind the exclusive competence of member states of the EU for the organisation and delivery of healthcare and the direct role of the WHO in advising member states on the medical issues of healthcare and treatment, the question arose as to what input the EU and its institutions could make to the amelioration of these difficulties. However, all the evidence to our enquiry was that there is a clear role for the EU in providing practical support to member states within a number of competences in, for example, employment, social affairs, equal opportunities and research and information. In addition, the EU provides a unique forum, not only for interchange of information about best practice in treating mental illness, but for the representation of those who represent patients and their carers. That group of people were particularly keen that we should be enthusiastic about the Commission's proposals.
	The main conclusions of the report are contained in Chapters 4 to 10. I shall consider them briefly, because it is a dense report and noble Lords might otherwise find it difficult to get a picture of it. Chapter 4 deals with the question of competence and advises the Commission to consider carefully its final proposals in this context. But the Committee felt that the EU role would add value to that of the WHO by concentrating on areas such as economic costs and citizen's rights alongside the role of the WHO, on the one hand, and the responsibilities of the member states, on the other.
	Chapter 5 deals with the human rights issues and supports the view that appropriate deinstitutionalisation, minimal use of compulsory treatment and good care in the community should form part of any balanced scheme of treatment for the mentally ill.
	Chapter 6 deals with social exclusion, stigma and discrimination and broadly supports the Commission's proposals to address this problem. We draw attention to specific problems, such as the number of prisoners with mental health problems and the need for positive action to change public attitudes to people with mental illness. The Committee also felt that discrimination against those suffering from mental illness should be dealt with under anti-discrimination legislation and that the effect should be monitored.
	On discrimination in the workplace, we recommended support for joint working with employers, with particular attention paid to finding practical measures to help small businesses.
	The final recommendation in this chapter was that the European Commission should consider introducing a reporting obligation for member states to monitor how employers are performing in relation to the employment of people with mental health problems. Since the publication of the report, the Commission and the Government have both responded to our recommendations. It is interesting that the only point of concern raised in the government response relates to this recommendation, which they seem to see as unnecessary. Perhaps the Minister will be able to clarify this point when she replies to the debate.
	In Chapter 7, we recommend that the Commission encourages national Governments to improve early identification and intervention services and support the Commission's proposal to bring together different directorates in a common approach. The Commission's ability to work across the directorates in this manner is very relevant to the work that it can do in this context. We welcome the Commission's intention to bring together specialists from across the EU to learn from best practice with respect to early intervention.
	Chapter 8 deals with the mental health of specific groups, especially children and adolescents, older people, people from different ethnic groups and women. We drew attention to the need to think about the different strategies and approaches that would suit these different groups.
	Chapter 9 deals with a problem set by the Commission paper and by several witnesses concerning whether it would be appropriate for the Commission to set minimum standards of treatment. We concluded that that would not be suitable. However, we welcomed the suggestion that a set of general principles should be established covering many of the matters, such as where patients should be treated, access to evidence-based treatments, protection of human rights and efforts to reduce stigma, to which reference has already been made.
	Finally, in the last chapter, the committee considered the need for better statistical information across the EU. We recommended that the Commission encourage member states to improve their statistical reporting and that it should itself collect comparable information on mental health policy and practice to underpin international and national strategies to improve the mental health of the population.
	Since the publication of the report, we have received responses from both HMG and the Commission, and these were, with the exception of the point dealt with above, supportive of the work done by the sub-committee. The next step is for the Commission to publish a new communication containing proposals for measures to carry the World Health Organisation process further within the European Union. Meanwhile, noble Lords may be reassured to hear that this process is taking longer than one might otherwise expect, because ours is not the only report to have emphasised the need for the Commission to respect the responsibility of member states for the organisation and delivery of healthcare services.
	At this point, I acknowledge the great assistance given to the sub-committee not only by those who appeared before us but also by the many people and organisations that responded to our request for written evidence. Members of the sub-committee are also immensely grateful to our special adviser, Martin Knapp, Professor of Social Policy at the LSE, and for the efficiency, energy and support provided by the two Clerks to the sub-committee, Gordon Baker and Barry Werner.
	This is the last time that I shall address your Lordships' House as chairman of a sub-committee of the European Union Select Committee. I thank all the Members who served with me in that committee for their support, for the fun that we had and for the business that we got through. I beg to move.
	Moved, That this House takes note of the report of the European Union Committee, Improving the Mental Health of the Population: Can the European Union help? (14th Report, HL Paper 73).—(Baroness Thomas of Walliswood.)

Lord Northbourne: My Lords, I shall not delay the House long as I have only one point to make. However, I should make it clear that I do so not because I do not believe that mental health is important but simply because I recognise that I have no special expertise in the subject in general.
	The report devotes only two out of 110 pages to the problems of children and adolescents. That is disappointing, but at least it makes clear the importance of mental health problems for that group. For example, the Commission's Green Paper is quoted as saying that,
	"as mental health is strongly determined during the first years of life, promoting mental health in children and adolescents is an investment for the future. The view is taken that teaching parenting skills can improve child development; and that attention to these issues in schools can increase social competencies, improve resilience, and reduce bullying, anxiety and depressive symptoms".
	One witness said that as many as one in 10 children in the United Kingdom may develop mental health problems today. There seems to be a very strong case for more resources to be devoted to children's mental health.
	Perhaps I may quote once more from the report concerning evidence submitted by the King's Fund. It was noted that today,
	"mental health resources in Europe were concentrated on working-age adults with enduring mental health needs",
	and the King's Fund,
	"wanted the EU strategy to emphasise the need to support children and older people among whom numbers of mental health problems were increasing".
	However, the fairly slim reference in the report to children and adolescents is not my main source of concern. My main concern is that it makes no mention whatever of the impact on children of the mental health of their parents. This is a hugely important problem today and one about which the Government should be deeply concerned.
	The mental health of a parent can have lifelong consequences for his or her child, especially where there is only one parent to whom the child can turn. Perhaps I may give two examples to indicate what I mean. A father with an addiction can often be violent or have unpredictable changes of mood, and that can create insecurity and fear in both the partner and the child. Even the child in the womb can suffer adverse effects on brain development through domestic violence. As the young child grows up, he is seriously affected by the insecurity and uncertainty of attachment. Lack of self-esteem and poor social skills will follow, together with a litany of other problems: dropping out of school; teenage antisocial behaviour; low skills or unemployment; and crime and prison. Of course, I do not wish to exaggerate; they do not arise in every case, but major difficulties are created in a child's development if he grows up in a violent family without the love that he needs.
	My second example concerns a mother who suffers from depression due to clinical or postnatal depression, loneliness or a lack of support from family or partner. That depression will also be liable to damage her child, who, again, will lack a secure loving attachment, and that will restrict social and emotional development. Those are but two examples.
	Therefore, I ask Her Majesty's Government whether they recognise the importance of parental mental health on young children's emotional and social development and welfare. If so, and in the light of the reduction in antenatal and postnatal services and in the availability of midwives and health visitors in many NHS trusts today, what action do they propose to take to address the damage that can be done to some of the nation's youngest and most vulnerable children by the mental health problems of their parents?

Baroness Neuberger: My Lords, I am delighted to take a small part in this debate and I pay tribute to the extraordinary chairmanship of my noble friend Lady Thomas of Walliswood, whose term as chair of EU Sub-Committee G is soon to be completed. I also pay tribute to the two Clerks to the committee: Barry Werner, its present Clerk, who saw the inquiry to its completion; and Gordon Baker, who set it up and started off the process. I also pay tribute to our special adviser, Professor Martin Knapp. One person who never gets a mention is Melanie Moore, who supplies us with the papers. She is wonderfully efficient and patient with us all when papers do not arrive or we lose them, or when we have a bad day. I pay tribute to her as well.
	I wish to cover two main areas. The first is social exclusion and stigma, well covered in the report, which demonstrates that some people with mental health problems suffer from extreme social exclusion and, indeed, that a growing number are in prison. The report says:
	"Some people with mental health problems—indeed it would appear to be a growing number—are in prison. The Mental Disability Advocacy Center suggested that prisoners and people in (long-stay, institutional) social care homes with mental health problems were vulnerable to abuse and mistreatment ... Mind wanted people in prison to be added to the Green Paper's list of marginalised groups that should be targeted in the strategy. They cited the Social Exclusion Unit's estimate in 2002"—
	we do not have a more recent estimate, unless the Minister can provide us with one—
	"that 72 per cent of male prisoners and 70 per cent of female prisoners suffered from two or more mental disorders, proportions that were 14 and 35 times, respectively, the levels found in the general population".
	I also draw attention to the work that the Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health is doing in the area of mental health in prisons. I declare an interest as an adviser to the trustees of the centre. Most prisoners who have mental health problems still find that they receive little or no help while in prison or on leaving. That includes people with moderate depression and anxiety, those with personality disorders and those with concurrent mental health and substance misuse problems, the commonly referred to dual-diagnosis group.
	The other issue that is relevant to this report and to what we are discussing is resettlement. The resettlement experience of prisoners is poor, with most receiving little meaningful help on leaving prison. The position for those with mental health problems, especially those with dual diagnosis, is even worse, as they have even greater vulnerability. That is what we mean by extreme social exclusion. Although most of our evidence referred to the social exclusion experienced by people as a result of their mental health problems, the case was also made—this is worth stating—that social exclusion itself could be a risk factor for poor health, including poor mental health.
	The organisation Mind drew our attention to Annexe 7 of the Green Paper, which summarised material from the World Health Organisation identifying key risk factors. These included a variety of things, such as exposure to drugs and alcohol, as I have just mentioned, lack of education, transport and housing, peer rejection, poor social circumstances, and so on. Mind was, therefore, concerned that a medical model of mental health, which it still saw as dominant in many countries, would obscure the social causes and contexts of much mental distress. It is important to think about that.
	The noble Lord, Lord Northbourne, was absolutely right to draw our attention to the effect on children of parental mental ill health. Of course, part of that much broader social context of mental ill health reflects very heavily on children. The noble Baroness, Lady Howarth, will talk about that.
	Meanwhile, Rethink noted the close link between unemployment and mental health problems. It referred to the Social Exclusion Unit report that social isolation was an important risk factor for deteriorating mental health and suicide and, shockingly, that two-thirds of men under the age of 35 with mental health problems who died in the UK by suicide were unemployed. This is terrifying stuff. When it came on to the matter of stigma, things got even worse. I quote from paragraphs 164 to 167:
	"Professor Graham Thornicroft of King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, suggested an agenda for mental health policy. His starting point was the widespread discrimination experienced by people with mental health problems 'at home, at work, in personal life, in social activities, in healthcare, and in the media'. He made the distinction between ignorance (the problem of knowledge), prejudice (the problem of attitudes) and discrimination (the problem of behaviour). Stigma stemmed from these three: from the widespread misunderstanding of mental health; from the fear, anxiety and avoidance of the general public and of people with mental health problems ('self-stigma' because they anticipated rejection and discrimination) ... In its Green Paper the Commission recognised these problems, stating that people with mental health problems met fear and prejudice from others, often based on misconceptions. They also recognised that stigma increased personal suffering and social exclusion, and could impede access to housing and employment.
	Dr Marcus Roberts of Mind noted ... 'it is stigma that keeps people out of work, it is stigma that stops them approaching services when they need help, and it is stigma that keeps people isolated because they do not integrate into their community, and therefore it perpetuates in a vicious circle [the] wider causes of mental health' ... Many others reiterated these concerns to us",
	time and time again. Paragraph 168 states:
	"The Open Society argued that tackling stigma was essential if Member States were to make progress in pursuing the first three priorities identified by the Green Paper, i.e. promoting mental health; preventative action; and improving quality of life through social inclusion and protection of rights and dignity".
	It is for that reason that I bring us back to a conversation that has been ongoing in this House for some time now. In 2004, the Council of Europe agreed Recommendation 2004/22 concerning the protection of human rights and dignity of people with mental disorders. The aim of that recommendation was to consider what common action at a European level will promote better protection of the human rights and dignity of persons with mental disorders. The British Government signed the recommendation but, at the last minute, added a qualification note reserving to the Government the right to comply or not with the recommendation as a whole, which one might argue made questionable why they had signed it at all.
	The Government stated in an answer to a Parliamentary Question from Lynne Jones about this decision:
	"The Government fully supports the majority of the Recommendation ... We had no wish to oppose its adoption. However, because we are in the process of revising important aspects of the legislation in England and Wales on mental health and mental capacity, we were not in a position to identify definitively whether there were specific points in the Recommendation on which we might wish to reserve our right not to comply".—[Official Report, Commons, 20/10/04; col. 796W.]
	At that point, the implication was that the Government did not feel able to sign up fully to the recommendation while the mental health legislation was going through, even though other countries in the Council of Europe had done so. But, of course, the mental health legislation has now gone through Parliament, as Members of this House will be only too well aware, after many hours spent debating it. So before the Summer Recess my noble friend Lady Thomas of Winchester asked Her Majesty's Government:
	"What are their reasons for tabling qualification (Note 1) made to the Committee Ministers' Recommendation".
	The reply that she received from the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, the noble Lord, Lord Darzi of Denham, was that the Government had no particular objection. He said:
	"Now that the Mental Health Act 2007 has received Royal Assent, there is an opportunity to review that reservation".—[Official Report, 1/10/07; col. WA173.]
	Given that Written Answer, what plans do the Government have to review the reservation?
	The Royal College of Psychiatrists has been keeping a watching brief on this and argues that, given that the principal objection to signing with a reservation has gone, surely this is the time to make a statement that the UK Government are dedicated to protecting the human rights and dignity of persons with mental disorder by removing that qualification. Indeed, everything in this report from the EU Sub-Committee G would lead one to that conclusion. I ask the Minister whether she could tell me when we might see progress. What other plans do the Government have to deal with stigma suffered by those with mental illness, given the European Commission's great welcome for the report and the Government's assertion in their response to the report that they are already doing a considerable amount through the Shift campaign, although they recognise that public attitudes to mental illness can still reflect a degree of fear?
	The Shift campaign has a lamentably small budget, as the report makes clear. It is only one-twentieth the size of the budget for the successful anti-stigma campaign in New Zealand, which has significantly changed attitudes. Expenditure on anti-discrimination work per head in New Zealand was 34 pence per head, compared with 13 pence in Scotland and a mere 1.44 pence in England. It would be good to hear from the Minister what the Government propose to do to increase what is spent and to guarantee long-term funding for such anti-discrimination work, particularly given that John Bowis, Member of the European Parliament, in his superb evidence to the EU sub-committee, identified defeating stigma as the most important area in the EU document. I look forward to hearing from the Minister what the Government intend to do to improve this situation.

Baroness Howarth of Breckland: My Lords, I join my colleagues in thanking those who supported us through this campaign. I am not going to name them all, but I pay particular tribute to the noble Baroness, Lady Thomas, for her chairmanship. I felt that it was a great privilege to be a member of the committee. I hope that I will speak about the things that people are indicating that they think I will be speaking about. I will certainly talk about what I know.
	During my time on the committee, I have learnt some weird and wonderful things, not least the language—by which I mean the language in English. When we are able to understand what the directives are telling us, they often have clear implications not only for Europe, but often for the legislation going through this House at any point in time. The noble Baroness, Lady Thomas, pointed out that we struggled at the beginning of this inquiry to understand how both we and Europe could add value to mental health thinking across the whole spectrum. I hope that, in some of the things that I shall say, the Minister will agree that value has been added and that Europe may well add even more as we move forward.
	To emphasise this link between domestic legislation and what can be shared, I should say that this House was considering the Mental Health Bill, as it then was, when we were discussing this Green Paper. The discussion and arguments that surrounded that Bill, before it became an Act, will be fresh in the minds of many here today. It is interesting, given some of the controversial discussion, that the UK is considered by the Commission to be one of the best performers in this area of social care, with much to offer the rest of Europe. We need to maintain and continuously improve that position while sharing our expertise, and be prepared to learn from other nations in order to keep ahead of the game in the area of social intervention.
	The consensus among organisations in the UK representing both providers and service users is that front-line services for the treatment of mental health problems should primarily be based in the community, although hospitals still need to play an important part as specialist providers. Colleagues who, like me, were involved in the closure of large mental hospitals in the 1970s will remember that the resettlement of people displaced from those establishments was not an orderly affair; it was about asset stripping. The funding for community services did not equal that released from the closures and the support and care of the long-term mentally ill for many years became the poor relation in social care services. The committee heard during the inquiry that many EU countries developing community-based services feared that the same would happen as they moved from one system to another. As the UK is now commended for its standard of community care, this is surely one area where experience can be shared across the EU to the benefit of service users without other countries having to repeat the pain and mistakes made here.
	This was just one area where the committee supported the Commission's proposals for sharing good practice across the EU and, indeed, more broadly. We were particularly impressed by examples of proven effectiveness and would encourage the Commission in its plan to provide a platform through which sharing can take place. I am sure that the Minister will confirm that the Government, while acknowledging that member states must be responsible for their own health services, are equally encouraging of this way forward.
	To the noble Lord, Lord Northbourne, I say that children had barely a mention in the initial Green Paper. It is to the credit of the committee that there is a little more in the present report and that these issues are being further addressed in both the government response and, we hope, in the new Green Paper. However, that is exactly the position in which we found ourselves with the original Mental Health Bill on the Floor of this House. It was only after much debate that the Government included a measure, supported by the Convenor of the Cross-Bench Peers, to ensure that children should no longer be detained inappropriately in adult institutions.
	We know from the evidence of the Open Society Mental Health Initiative to the committee that, across much of Europe, many young people with mental disabilities are accommodated in large orphanages or are held in prisons or young offender institutions. As the UK action might be an excellent example to share with Europe, especially with some of the newer members that are struggling to develop alternative services for children, can the Minister say what progress has been made in completing the implementation of this measure in the UK? We should show a lead in the care of the mental health of our children and stop the inappropriate placements so well documented by both YoungMinds and the Children's Commissioner.
	Mental health problems thrive where there is social exclusion, loneliness, poverty and, as the noble Baroness said in great detail, stigma. In understanding mental illness, we must have a context of mental health but be clear about the differences, just as the Commission now recognises the difference between learning difficulty and mental illness. This was clearly an achievement for the committee, as the difference was acknowledged both by the Commission and in the Government's response following our report. The noble Lord, Lord Rix, who is unable to join this debate, has asked me to express his thanks and that of Mencap for this basic clarification, which might have real influence in those countries where those with learning difficulties are still treated as mentally ill, whether or not they have a mental illness.
	The answer to much of this and similar issues is not to rely entirely on a medical model of mental illness—such a model dominates most EU countries and can obscure the social causes and context of mental distress—but to recognise the many factors contributing to mental ill health. The noble Lord, Lord Northbourne, said most eloquently how much we should look at the whole family and, indeed, carers and parenting. I quote from the report:
	"We believe that a 'public health' approach for addressing the promotion and prevention of mental health issues is to be encouraged, recognising the multiple influences on the mental health of populations, from outside as well as from within the mental health system as conventionally defined".
	As these populations clearly include our European neighbours, does the Minister agree with the committee about the importance of working together with Europe in this important area?

Lord Trefgarne: My Lords, with your permission I will make a brief intervention. Like other noble Lords who have spoken, I, too, have the honour to be a member of this committee and pay tribute to the noble Baroness, Lady Thomas, our chairman, who will shortly be standing down; and, indeed, to our officials, Mr Gordon Baker, Mr Barry Werner and Melanie Moore.
	One of the hallmarks of our committee is the acres of rainforest we destroy every week in the mass of paper we consider and pass judgment on. This report was no exception. Twenty-five years ago, I was made a very junior Minister at the Department of Health and Social Security, as it was then—a mega-department if ever there was one. I was made responsible for mental health and mental handicap under the wise and distinguished leadership of my noble friend Lord Fowler, who was then the Secretary of State. My first assignment in that post was to visit a mental hospital near Leavesden in north London—long since closed, I am happy to say—which had been opened in 1910. In that year, 1982, I met a lady who had gone in on the day it was opened: she had been there for 72 years. She was only sent there because she was an unmarried mother. Apparently, in the years before the First World War, unmarried mothers were called "moral defectives" and sent to institutions like that.
	It was therefore with some distress that I read the other day that there is lady in a National Health mental hospital who had likewise been in one of these establishments for 80 years. I hope the Minister can assure us that these matters are kept under review. I know it is not straightforward because if you find a lady who has been in that long she will almost certainly have nowhere to go, but the idea that somebody should be retained in one of these places for no good reason causes me considerable distress, and I am certain it would have caused my colleagues and me difficulty, if we had addressed our minds particularly to that issue. I hope the Minister can reassure me on that point at least. That said, I commend the report of the Select Committee to your Lordships and hope that it will find modest approval.

Lord McColl of Dulwich: My Lords, I, too, thank the noble Baroness, Lady Thomas of Walliswood, for initiating this debate and for doing such a great job in chairing the committee. I shall draw attention to two aspects of the recently discussed Mental Health Bill that are relevant to mental health generally. We managed to persuade the Government to put in the Bill a commitment to include in guidance a set of principles for the conduct of good mental health treatment. The whole mental health community saw that as an extremely positive step. The Government were also persuaded to insert an amendment on age-appropriate treatment for children. That was regarded as a very important symbolic move and was also important in a practical clinical sense. These changes created a significant and useful piece of legislation because the Bill as originally presented purported to deal only with locking up people who were seen to be a danger to themselves or others. It was therefore important to widen the Bill in those two important aspects. The Government were wise and farsighted to agree to them. What are they doing to spread this message throughout the European Union?
	The World Health Organisation has stated that mental health is not merely the absence of disease but rather a condition of complete mental well-being in which individuals recognise their abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and make a real contribution to their communities.
	There has been a great deal of discussion about the vernacular. The Samaritans use the term "emotional health" as a less threatening and less medical term. It is important to emphasise, as have noble Lords, that mental health is not just a medical issue but is also a social and economic one and that it is not the sole preserve of health ministries. The Scottish Association for Mental Health has recommended the use of the term "mental health problems" rather than "mental illness" or "mental disorder" as it is less stigmatising. The commission has drawn attention to the advantages of not getting too mired in medical models of mental health. The report quite rightly stated that it is wrong to group together learning disability and mental health problems because the two conditions are quite separate. A person with a learning disability may or many not suffer from a mental health problem. It recommended that the commission should launch an action programme to address concerns about people with learning difficulties throughout Europe and to look into how they are supported and the quality of their lives.
	The report drew attention to the fact that in Europe there is increasing absenteeism, early retirement and reduced performance of people at work due to mental health problems. For instance, in France, in the year 2000, 32 million lost working days were due to depression; in Sweden, a quarter of all cases of long-term sickness were due to mental health problems; and in Germany, they were the cause of a 74 per cent increase in people on long-term sick leave between 1995 and 2002.
	The report draws attention to the impact of mental health problems on families. It looked at the families of people with schizophrenia in five European cities. Principal family carers spent an average of six to nine hours daily supporting their relatives. There are 1.5 million carers of people with mental health difficulties in the UK, so it is crucial that we support them. These carers themselves become twice as prone to develop mental health problems when involved in giving substantial care. There are also severe economic impacts on families, many of whom have to give up work to provide care. My noble friend Lady Thatcher, when she was Prime Minister, was always very concerned about the question of respite care, recognising what an enormous debt we owe to carers who save the nation billions of pounds.
	Noble Lords referred to the huge problem of mental health in the prison population. I should mention that there are volunteers who do valuable work in prisons, trying to give hope and purpose to prisoners' lives, which is likely to prevent mental health problems and reduce the incidence of suicide. In November 2000, the number of prison inmates was 64,000; this month it stands at more than 81,000. The BMA has drawn attention to the acute pressures on health services, as have people within the prison healthcare system. A prison doctor recently reported that:
	"Prison healthcare services do not have the staff, infrastructure or budget to cope with the needs of the rising prison population. Unacceptable delays in assessing and treating prisoners are now commonplace, while specialist services designed to deal with mental health and drug addiction problems are badly stretched to the point of becoming ineffective—a disastrous situation considering how endemic these conditions are within the prison population".
	The WHO report also draws attention to the need to encourage the consumption of healthy products and reduce the intake of harmful products. It might have stressed the obvious poison—cannabis—which is a cause of schizophrenia. The emphasis should not simply be on reducing the intake of cannabis but on stopping it, and on never starting it in the first place. In retrospect, it is a pity that the Government downgraded the seriousness of the drug to class C. However, in medicine we talk about the retrospectascope being an interesting instrument. We all make mistakes, but it is a good thing to put them right.
	The Conservative Party would like to see a much stronger emphasis on public health, of which mental health is an important part. We want mental health improvements to be a key priority for the NHS. We would like a new structure for public health enabling local directors, jointly appointed by PCTs and local authorities, to determine how best to spend the resources. They would be better placed to make effective interventions across the health, local government, education and social housing sectors. Independent, ring-fenced budgets should be introduced because the current system of budgets for public health interventions being largely channelled through PCTs means that any shortage of money in the PCT results in a raid on the budget. These budgets should be taken away from the PCTs and spent through a new public health structure, rather than through traditional NHS bodies which tend to focus more on acute and community services.
	Noble Lords have emphasised the importance of employment for those affected by mental illness. That reminds me of Guy's Hospital during the war when everyone had to take a hand in some of the more mundane occupations, such as rolling bandages—bandages were washed in those days after they were used and had to be rolled. Surprise, surprise, the consultants did not prove to be very efficient in that occupation, but the patients in the psychiatric wing were far and away the most effective and productive.
	Another area the report highlights is the need to address mental health concerns among the growing number of old people in the European Union. This has already been mentioned. It correctly encourages national Governments to focus on the identification, prevention and treatment of mental health problems in older people. This is very important, as Age Concern figures show that one in four older people have symptoms of depression that warrant intervention. It also reports that dementia costs the health and social care economy more than cancer, heart disease and stokes combined.
	As far as concerns tackling discrimination and stigma for those with mental health issues, it is important to emphasise that one-third of the population in this country suffer from mental illness during their lifetime and, crucially, that mainly there is a good outcome of treatment and they are rarely associated with violence. It is the fear of violence that stops people empathising with mental health patients. The violence that they find the most disturbing is, for instance, when a patient with schizophrenia becomes so paranoid that he takes an axe to hack down the walls of his house to find the microphones that he is convinced are there. That actually happened to a 30 year-old patient, but his treatment was successful and there has been no further trouble over the ensuing 40 years. I was going to quote Professor Graham Thornicroft's agenda for mental health policy, but the noble Baroness, Lady Neuberger, has done that. I was going to point out that he was an extremely good medical student at Guy's Hospital, but I will not.
	The report stresses that we must improve public understanding to counter negative attitudes. That can be done when the public begin to understand the causes, characteristics and impact on mental health problems. This is sometimes referred to as improving mental health literacy. The report also suggests that countries should be required to begin a reporting system where they monitor their success in enabling the employment of those with mental health problems. Perhaps there should be a statutory percentage of people so employed, as we used to have for those with physical disabilities—I believe that there used to be an obligation to employ four percent within the workforce.
	There is still a tendency today to have jokes about mental illness, often at the expense of psychiatric patients. There may be many reasons for this, not least of which is the fear of mental illness. On radio and television there is still a tendency to ridicule the whole subject and those who are affected. More needs to be done to improve this situation, and people really should avoid some of these unpleasant descriptions. No one would dream of making inappropriate jokes about patients with heart failure, osteoarthritis or other physical conditions. Change is possible however, as it was not so long ago that jokes about disabled people were made without compunction. That situation has certainly improved considerably.
	The Government have done a deal to improve mental health in the UK, and the European Union would do well to ensure that these improvements are encouraged throughout its area.

Baroness Royall of Blaisdon: My Lords, I, too, congratulate the noble Baroness, Lady Thomas, and her committee on their truly excellent report. I am very sorry that this will be the last time that we shall hear from the noble Baroness in her role as chair of the committee. She has done a superb job, and I thank her on behalf of the Government.
	The depth of the report, its grasp of some very complex issues and the quality of its analysis show clearly just how valuable the committee's work is, and, indeed, how much the Government appreciate it. Its work is held in high regard, as noble Lords will know, throughout the European Union. We are very proud of what it does. Ministers have, of course, responded formally in writing so I will not repeat all the detail of their response. But I am grateful for the opportunity to discuss the Government's approach.
	Constructive and rational debate on mental health is important, especially because it is a subject that many find difficult to talk about. Even here, in the 21st century, mental illness can still too often provoke embarrassment, even shame and sometimes jokes. It also has consequences and can be exacerbated by the reactions of family, friends and society who have misconceptions about mental illness. This is a direct consequence of the discrimination and stigma that people are often subject to, both directly and indirectly, by individuals who do not understand and institutions that do not care.
	We must believe that all this can change, but it needs to change more quickly. We agree with the committee that the more open we are, the quicker we will dispel ignorance and enlighten attitudes. After all, as the noble Lord, Lord McColl, said, it is not as though mental illness is a rarity and something that only a few of us will ever experience. As the committee noted, it is remarkably commonplace. In the UK one person in six suffers symptoms at any one time. A quarter of GP consultations involve a mental disorder. A million people are off work and claiming benefits because of their mental illness.
	The impact on individuals, families and society as a whole is immense. So there is real truth in the observation that we all have a mental health problem. That is why we welcomed, first, the World Health Organisation's action plan for mental health in Europe, also known as the Helsinki declaration, and then the European Commission Green Paper that the committee has scrutinised so expertly.
	I shall spend a few minutes describing the Government's commitment to improving mental healthcare and promoting good mental health. This is not complacency or an attempt to score points; it is simply that the prevailing conditions in any member state are bound to influence its relationship with a European Union strategy.
	The Government's commitment to mental health as one of their top clinical priorities has, with the skill and dedication of front-line staff, helped to deliver some very positive changes. Many have already been mentioned this evening and the committee was kind enough to acknowledge some of them in its report.
	The blueprint is the National Service Framework for Mental Health, a 10-year plan published in 1999. I think it is fair to say that the NSF enjoyed widest support then, and that it still does today. It has guided us through what is arguably a transformation in mental healthcare in this country. There are many achievements, but I cite just a few pertinent facts to illustrate my point. Compared with 1997, we now have in post 50 per cent more consultant psychiatrists and 20 per cent more mental health nurses. There are more than 700 new teams working in communities to provide mental healthcare in new ways, including assertive outreach, early intervention and crisis resolution.
	Of course it is not enough. In the past five years, planned NHS and local authority expenditure on mental health services has risen in real terms by 31 per cent. According to the European Commission, UK spending on mental health as a proportion of either total health expenditure or GDP is now among the highest in the European Union. We also have a suicide prevention strategy that has seen the rate in England drop to its lowest recorded level, and, according to the Green Paper, to one of the lowest in Europe.
	The committee took evidence from Mr Matt Muijen, the World Health Organisation's European adviser on mental health. In the past he has been extremely generous in his assessment of services in the UK, but his praise is far from unqualified. We too have much to learn from best practice in other member states; for example, the work done in Finland to raise awareness and understanding of severe mental illness.
	The noble Lord, Lord McColl, asked what we are doing to spread best practice now. We discussed these issues under the auspices of the WHO. Clearly the approach suggested by the European Commission would be an excellent way of spreading and facilitating exchange of best practice even further. That is precisely why we welcome it. We rather like the platform approach under which the Commission would facilitate discussions of stakeholders from throughout the European Union.
	We know that there are still significant deficiencies in services and that our job is not yet done. We need, for example, to offer a wider range of services, in particular by enhancing the availability of psychological therapies. Last week, on World Mental Health Day, the Secretary of State reaffirmed his commitment by announcing a substantial £170 million expansion of these therapies, building on two demonstration projects. The Government will next year roll out psychological therapies to 20 new areas before increasing services to cover the whole country. By 2010-11, 900,000 more people will be treated for depression and anxiety with half likely to be completely cured. All GP practices will have access to psychological therapies as the programme rolls out, and the average waiting time will come down from the current 18 months, which is shameful, to a few weeks. That is good news for hundreds of thousands of people and it is in no small measure due to the efforts and commitment of my noble friend Lord Layard.
	The noble Baroness, Lady Howarth, rightly raised the issue of children and young people and mental health. It was also mentioned by the noble Lord, Lord Northbourne. The noble Baroness, Lady Howarth, asked what we had done following the Mental Health Act 2007 to ensure that patients under 18 were not placed on adult psychiatric wards unless that environment was suitable for their age. Section 31 of the Act is not yet in force. Most of the Act's provisions will be implemented from October 2008, but those on age-appropriate environments, and indeed those on advocacy, are likely to follow a little later so that services can develop adequate capacity. We have discussed this timescale with key stakeholders who, although anxious to avoid unnecessary delay, understand and accept that position, I am assured. However, I note the views expressed by the noble Baroness and also the face she has just shown me.
	The noble Lord, Lord Northbourne, spoke about children with mentally ill parents. Of course, we recognise the needs of children, especially those who act as carers for parents who suffer from mental health problems. The Government introduced a strategy to support all carers, including the provision of about 100 new carer support workers. We also asked the Mental Health Act Commission and the National Institute for Mental Health in England to consider the particular needs of children whose parents have been admitted to hospital. We look forward to receiving their advice.
	The noble Lord might also be interested in the child emotional health and well-being public service agreement, which I happened to look at last night. This PSA would allow us to focus on improving the outcomes that we expect to see in relation to child health and well-being. One of the five indicators will be to monitor developments relating to emotional health and well-being and child and adolescent mental health services. We are taking cross-government action on that specific issue.
	Of course, there are still pernicious inequalities in mental health, especially among black and ethnic minority communities. We need and must have more effective responses in those areas, but the response is now being guided by the Delivering race equality in mental healthcare action plan, which is being implemented throughout the country.
	The noble Baroness, Lady Neuberger, and other noble Lords raised the difficult issue of mental health services in prisons. We have invested more than £600,000 over three years in mental health awareness training for prison officers and staff. All prisoners are assessed at the point of reception into prison and those at risk of having a mental health problem, or being vulnerable to suicide, are referred for a mental health assessment. Since 2005, nearly £20 million has been invested each year in mental health in-reach services. However, I recognise that very grave problems still persist.
	The resettlement of prisoners is especially difficult for prisoners with mental health problems. In Gloucester prison, of which I have some experience, I know that great strides are being made to ensure that prisoners who suffer from mental health problems are resettled as best as possible. Mental health workers within the prison liaise with mental health workers on the outside to try to ensure that there is some joined-up thinking. The noble Lord, Lord McColl, spoke of the important role played by volunteers in prison and I pay tribute to them. He also mentioned cannabis. I am glad to say that the Prime Minister, as noble Lords will know, is reflecting on the reclassification of cannabis.
	The noble Lord also spoke about public health. That is one of the issues that my noble friend Lord Darzi will be looking at in his review. Clearly, there must be greater interaction between local government, other bodies and PCTs because they all have some responsibility for public health.
	The noble Baroness, Lady Neuberger, also spoke about the fight against stigma and discrimination, which is being taken forward by our Shift campaign. I also thank the Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health for the excellent work that it is doing. Last week the Government relaunched their guidance to line managers on support in the workplace for people with mental health problems, and I noticed a small article in the Guardian today about that. As noble Lords may know, Shift is the Government's five-year programme for taking forward the fight, and we hope it will work closely with the new Moving People campaign.
	Moving People is potentially an important development. It is a partnership led by Mind, Rethink, Mental Health Media and the Institute of Psychiatry, funded by £18 million from the Big Lottery Fund and Comic Relief. It aims to reach 30 million people over the next four years, through TV advertising, tackling discrimination and training and education for 10,000 key leaders with the power to influence and change behaviour in key sectors such as the medical and teaching professions. Shift is still important but Moving On is a new initiative.
	I also draw noble Lords' attention to an excellent project that I visited in Battersea last week called the Thrive Battersea Garden project. Thrive is an organisation that works with people with disabilities and mental health problems and assists them in learning new skills so that they can be reintroduced into the workforce. That is an excellent project which I commend to noble Lords.
	We had no hesitation in signing up to the WHO plan in January 2005. The Helsinki declaration sets out 12 areas for action to increase awareness, reduce stigma, promote social inclusion and protect human rights. We are still fully committed to the plan, and there is a lot of hard work being done to develop policies and services that are consistent with its ambitions.
	Later in 2005, we welcomed the European Commission's Green Paper for its potential to support the WHO plan's implementation. Like the committee, we recognise the unique potential of the EU to spread action beyond the traditional boundaries of health and social care into important areas such as employment. Our response to the Commission, which doubled up as our written evidence to the committee, was clear that we backed the idea of an EU mental health strategy, albeit with two provisos. First, the strategy should support the WHO plan, without confusing matters by either adding to it or competing with it. Secondly, the strategy should be flexible enough to accommodate and facilitate individual member states' own local priorities. We are quite firm on those, and we have not detected any resistance to them from the Commission. They are important principles. An EU strategy that fails to dovetail with the WHO plan is a recipe for failure on both fronts.
	We also need to remember that member states are starting from very different points and are best placed to decide their own priorities for action within the framework of the WHO plan. The Green Paper itself recognises that member states have exclusive competence for the organisation of health services. States are entitled to expect an EU strategy that offers help in meeting their priorities.
	People have strong and sincere feelings about mental health and mental healthcare. It is completely understandable that they should see the production of an EU strategy as a chance to have their particular concerns addressed. But a strategy cannot try to be all things to all people and still be of practical benefit across the continent.
	The committee's report recommends that the Commission encourages national governments in certain directions; for example, towards early identification and treatment of illness or better services for children. By and large this is entirely consistent with the Green Paper and with domestic policy. Nevertheless, we expect that encouragement to take the form of, say, the identification and dissemination of helpful good practice rather than attempts to pin down member states en masse to closely defined and uniform priorities.
	I understand that the committee may be a little disappointed by our response to its recommendation on principles for mental health policy across Europe. In fact, we feel that there are principles quite strongly implied in the Green Paper and the WHO plan, and that reaching a consensus on anything more explicit or detailed might prove problematic. Nevertheless, we would be happy to consider any proposal that emerges.
	The noble Baroness, Lady Thomas, asked about the Government's view on the need for a reporting obligation to monitor how employers are performing or employing people with mental health problems. We would consider any proposal from the EU, but already we have sources of information, including attitude services, that show that a worrying proportion of employers are reluctant to recruit people with mental health problems. The Shift campaign is addressing these directly. We all have a responsibility to do something about the pernicious issues relating to stigma and discrimination.
	The noble Baroness, Lady Neuberger, made a vital point on the Government's reservation and the letter from my noble friend Lord Darzi about reviewing our position. I regret that I do not have any information for her today, but I will write to her. It is not quite joined-up thinking at the moment.
	The cases that the noble Lord, Lord Trefgarne, cited were distressing, but I assure him that we keep cases under review. The noble Baroness, Lady Howarth, mentioned the noble Lord, Lord Rix, and his pleasure that the committee agreed with him that it would be inappropriate for a strategy to address mental illness and learning disability jointly. The Government fully support that view.
	We await the EU's communication on mental health with great interest. I have no idea of what to expect from it or much more of an idea of when to expect it, but I understand that it is unlikely to be before the end of this year, as the noble Baroness said. For the Government, I will say that we hope we can play an active and leading role in taking forward the strategy, and through it the WHO action plan, for the benefit of the many millions of vulnerable people in the UK and the rest of the European Union who suffer from mental health problems.

Baroness Thomas of Walliswood: My Lords, I thank everyone who has taken part in this debate, including the members of the committee, but, more particularly, the noble Lords, Lord Northbourne and Lord McColl, and the Minister who have given us so willingly of their time and expertise. I always think that listening to the noble Lord, Lord McColl, is like hearing the word of wisdom in a very humane voice.
	I thank everyone also for their congratulations directed towards me. As I say, I could not have managed any of it without the sustenance of the advice and help of the Clerks. I will include in that, as I forgot to do earlier, Melanie, whom we could not live without as a committee.

On Question, Motion agreed to.

Transport for London Bill [HL]

A message was brought from the Commons that they have made the following order:
	That the promoters of the Transport for London Bill [Lords], which was originally introduced in the House of Lords in the previous Session, 23 January 2006, should have leave to suspend any further proceedings on the Bill in order to proceed with it, if they think fit, in the next Session of Parliament, according to the provisions of Private Business Standing Order 188A (Suspension of Bills).
	House adjourned at 8.34 pm.